Summary of minerals, vitamins and bio molecules (ieb)
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Module
Life Sciences
Institution
10th Grade
Grade 10 summary of ieb vitamins, minerals and bio molecules. Table format and includes types, functions and effects. Summary comprised using grade 10 life science ieb textbook and notes from class.
Mineral Sources Function Effect of deficiency
Calcium (Ca) macronutrient Milk, dairy products, sh, leafy - component of bones and teeth - bones serve as calcium reservoir,
vegetables - Plays role in muscle contraction de ciencies lead to rickets and
- Necessary for clotting of blood osteoporosis
- Role in conducting nerve impulses - Ine ective clotting of blood
Sodium (Na) micronutrient Table salt, many food types - regulates osmotic (water) balance in - most important positive ion in extra
body uids cellular uid
- Muscle contraction - Muscle cramps
- Conduction of nerve impulses
Iron (Fe) micronutrient Meat, sh, liver, nuts, egg yolk, - part of he haemoglobin (O2 carrier - anaemia
legumes in blood) - E ects mental competence
Zinc (Zn) micronutrient Meat, sh, milk, yogurt, grains, - co factor for at least 70 enzymes - cognitive ability can be a ected by
vegetables - Growth and reparation of tissue de ciency
- Brain development of foetus
Selenium (Se) Sea food, eggs, meat, garlic, - anti oxidant - protects against cancer
mushrooms, whole grain - Plays important role in immune - De ciency can lead to problems
system (need in small amounts) with immune system
Magnesium (Mg) Wheat germ, nuts, raisins, yeast, - muscle functioning + Muscle spasms
almonds - Conducting of nerve impulses + Insomnia
macronutrient - Co factor of some enzymes + Constipation
+ High blood pressure
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds essential for metabolic reactions.
Needed in small amounts
Some are fat soluble A,D,E,K: excess fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body and may become toxic
Some are water soluble B,C: excess water soluble vitamins are not stored, they are excreted in urine
, Vitamin Sources Function Effect of deficiency
A (retinol) Liver, milk, yellow and green - keeps skin and mucous membranes - xerophthalmia (dryness of cornea)
vegetables, carrots healthy - Night blindness
- Necessary for forming of
photoreceptors in the retina
- Anti-oxidant (protection against
pollutants)
D (calciferol) Fish oil, egg yolk, butter, margarine - promotes absorption of calcium and - rickets (misshapen bones in
and milk phosphorus from intestine children)
- Promotes strong bones and teeth - Osteomalacia (weak bones in adults
E Plant oils, nuts, leafy vegetables - anti-oxidant (protection of - increased metabolism of
membranes) unsaturated fatty acids = shortage
- Protection against ageing when cell membranes have to be
- Large quantities prevents deposits formed
of cholesterol in arteries - Damage nervous system
K Provided by intestinal bacteria, leafy - synthesis of proteins for clotting of - clotting of blood hampered
vegetables and wheat germ blood
C (ascorbic acid) Citrus fruit, strawberries, tomatoes, - synthesis of collagen - scurvy (wounds heal slowly, scars
cabbage, leafy vegetables - Maintains health of blood vessels weak and fear easily)
- Maintains connective tissue - Weak car pillars vessels, poor
- Plays role in absorption of iron growth
- Healing of wounds slow (de ciency
noticeable in smokers)
B1 (thiamine) Liver, yeast, whole grain, meat, leafy - co enzyme, important for - beriberi (weak cardiac muscles ,
vegetables carbohydrates and amino acid poor digestion, nervous conditions)
metabolism - Characterized by lack of energy,
- Promotes healthy appetite weak muscles and amnesia
- Prevents constipation
B2 (riboflavin) Liver, milk, eggs, chicken, tuna, leafy - co enzymes, cellular respiration - dermatitis
vegetables, wheat germ - Sores in corners of mouth
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