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Unit 14: Application of Organic ChemistryUnit 14A: Functional group chemistry for designer molecules
Task 1:
Functional groups are groupings
of atoms within molecules that
have their own distinctive
capabilities. Functional groups are
known as the replaced atoms or
groups that are attached to
certain molecules. Functional
groups can be used in naming
many organic compounds.
Alcohol, alkanes, alkynes, amines,
carboxylic acids, ketones,
aldehydes, esters and lastly ethers
are examples of functional groups
that are used. Furthermore, the
functional groups of the atoms can be attached together as well as the rest of the compounds via
covalent bonds. They can further be categorized as alpha carbons (first atom connected to the function
group). Beta carbon (second atom connected to the functional group) and gamma carbon (third carbon
attached to the functional group).
Halogenoalkanes
Halogenoalkanes is when one or more of the hydrogen atoms from an alkane is replaced by a halogen
atom in a compound. This also depends on what position the halogen atom is sitting on in the carbon
atoms]. Furthermore, halogenoalkanes fall into various categories which are primary halogenoalkanes,
secondary halogenoalkanes, and lastly tertiary halogenoalkanes.
Primary (1°C)
Primary halogenoalkanes is when the carbon that is attached to the halogen atom is only linked to one
other alkyl group. However, there is an exception which is even though there are no alkyl groups
bonded to the carbon which holds the halogen on it, CH3Br as well as the other methyl halides are
regularly included as primary halogenoalkanes. An example of primary halogenoalkanes is ethan-1-ol.
Primary halogenoalkanes is the least stable. Primary is SN2 which means it consists of two species in the
slow step.
,Secondary (2°C)
Secondary halogenoalkanes consist of two carbon atoms that are attached to the carbon atom
that is linked to the halogen. Furthermore, secondary halogenoalkanes can be SN1 or SN2
mechanisms. Due to the rear of the molecule not being totally crowded by alkyl groups, the
approaching nucleophile is still able to reach the positive carbon atom through the mechanism
of SN2. An example of secondary halogenoalkanes is 2-bromopropane.
Tertiary (3°C)
Tertiary halogenoalkanes consist of three carbon atoms connected to the halogen-attached carbon
atom. Additionally, tertiary haloalkanes respond by an SN1 mechanism with a substantially decreased
activation energy compared to the SN2 mechanism with a much higher energy transition state.
Moreover, tertiary haloalkanes have a much quicker respond compared to secondary ones which have a
quicker reaction compared to primary ones. Tertiary halogenoalkanes are SN1 as they consist of one
species in the slow step.
,SN1 as well as SN2 are reactions that occur in organic chemistry. Moreover, SN1 is known as a
substitution, nucleophilic addition reaction, that happens in both benzene and carbonyl compounds.
Whereas SN2 is still nucleophilic addition reaction, however, happens in benzoin as well as alkyl halides.
Nucleophilic Substitution
Halogenoalkanes can be created once they experience a reaction known as nucleophilic substitution. A
nucleophilic substitution reaction is an example of an organic reaction where one nucleophile restores
another nucleophile. A group that accepts a pair of electrons as well as displaces them from a carbon is
named as leaving group, and the molecule where the displacement occurs is named as substrate.
Furthermore the leaving groups leave as anions or neutral molecules. The reactivity as well as the
strength of the nucleophilic in nucleophilic substitution reactions are known as nucleophilicity. A
stronger nucleophile displaces the weaker nucleophile from the compound, in a nucleophilic
substitution reaction. Nucleophilicity consists of the ability of a nucleophile to bind to a lone electron
pair mainly to the positive center. Fundamental strength is the ability of a species to be able to donate
an electron pair. The difference between nucleophilicity as well as basic strength is that nucleophilicity is
known as kinetic term whereas the basic strength is a thermodynamic term. This is mainly how the
equilibrium can shift to the right due to the reaction.
Iodine is electronegative as well as attracts electrons which
makes it delta negative. However, it also consists of delta
positive, which is carbon, so the lone electron pairs can be
bonded to it. An electrophile as well as a nucleophile react.
The OH negative is what replaces the halogen atom to
provide alcohol. Furthermore, halogenoalkanes consist of
polar molecules with a polar C-X bond whereas halogens as
well as carbons both consist of different electronegativities.
While polarity creates an electron deficient carbon atom, the
carbon atom of the polar bond therefore captivates the nucleophiles. Moreover, the nucleophilic
, addition then happens via refluxing with control involving an echoic solvent, sodium/potassium
hydroxide and lastly heat.
Elimination
Elimination in halogenoalkanes can also be created in refluxing when using both heat and
sodium/potassium hydroxide. in elimination, organic chemical reactions which consist of atom pairs or
groups will be removed from the molecule, and this normally happens by the action of bases, acids,
metals, or sometimes via heating up to an increased temperature. In this condition, the functional group
OH- in an alcohol, it has been replaced by a halogen. The atoms begin to spread out into much smaller
groups to be able to create a molecule. The Halogenoalkanes starts to heat up within ethanol sodium
hydroxide. The heat then breaks up the bond of C-X heterolytically. This further creates an X- ion which
leaves the alkene as an organic compound.
Alcohol
Alcohol is known as an organic compound and is a function group of hydroxyls (OH). Functional groups
of all the alcohols is OH which means the general formula used to show the alcohols is ROH. The alkyl
group is presented as R. One common alcohol is ethyl also known as ethanol. The main homologous
alcohols are both methanol presented as CH3 OH and ethanol presented as CH3 CH2 OH. Common
alcohols are known as alcohols consisting of one to four carbon atoms. Alcohol is given the name by
ending the alkane with –ol. There are three IUPAC rules in being able to name alcohols. These include
the longest part of the carbon atom chain consisting of the OH group known as the parent compound.
Numbering the chain starts from the end of the chain closest to the OH group. Furthermore, the place of
the OH group prefixed to the hydrocarbon parent name, and the parent alkane –e ending is replaced by
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