Lecture notes
Political Ideologies - Multiculturalism Unit
- Institution
- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Full notes for this unit of the Edexcel A Level in Government and Politics
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MULTICULTURALISM1) Origins and Development
2) Diversity within Unity
3) Politics of Recognition
4) Culture and Identity
5) Minority Rights
6) Diversity
7) Liberal Multiculturalism
8) Pluralist Multiculturalism
9) Cosmopolitan Multiculturalism
10) Critiques of Multiculturalism
Origins and Development
Multiculturalism emerged in the black consciousness movement (1960s). Black nationalism
dated back to early 20th century and the emergence of the ‘back to Africa’ movement (figures like
Garvey)
- Black politics gained prominence in the 1960s (struggle for civil rights - Luther King)
1960/1970s: growing political assertiveness among minority groups sometimes through
ethnocultural nationalism.
E.G. Rise of Scottish and Welsh nationalism in the UK
Ethnocultural nationalism: A form of nationalism that is fuelled primarily by a keen sense of eth-
nic and cultural distinctiveness and the desire to preserve it.
Common theme among forms of ethnic politics was a desire to challenge economic, racial
and social marginalisation/ oppression.
- Ethnic politics was a vehicle for political liberation (enemy: structural disadvantage and ingrained
inequality)
E.G. North America and Western Europe: the establishment of ethnic identity meant confronting
dominant white culture which emphasised inferiority etc.
Multicultural politics has been strengthened by trends in international migration since 1945
that has widened cultural diversity.
- Migration increased as West sought workers to help with post-war reconstruction
During 1990s there was marked intensification of cross-border migration across the globe
creating a ‘hyper mobile planet’. This was due to:
- Growing number of refugees (18 mil in 1993) The collapse of communism in East Europe made
more migrants.
- Economic globalisation intensified pressures for international migration
By early 2000s, most Western states had incorporated multiculturalism into public policy due to
recognition that multiethnic, multi religious and multicultural trends have become irreversible.
Ideological issue: reconcile cultural diversity with the maintenance of civic and political co-
hesion. Global terrorism has pushed multiculturalism up the political agenda.
- The spread of religious fundamentalism (e.g. militant islam) to western states has encouraged
speculation on whether Huntington’s ‘clash of civilisations’ is happening between societies and
within them.
Diversity within Unity
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