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AQA A level Physics notes- Particles and Radiation

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This note is an AQA A level Physics note on Particles and Radiation. There are useful tables, graphs and some drawings and illustrations attached in the note for better understanding.

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  • September 23, 2023
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By: arunotshobi20 • 8 months ago

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ykim02105
Unit 01
Particles & radiation

, 01 Basic Atomic & Nuclear Structure

1 .
Atomic Structure
Protons I

·
Matter is made up of atoms
Neutrons ⑧


Electrons -




valence electrons





:
·




↳ # of electrons in ->
Ernest Rutherford's
8
-
model (1911)
-

the outer shell




·
molecule :
when two or more atoms are chemically bonded


·
element :
a substance that cannot be broken down into

other substance
any .


Every element is made up of its own


type of atom .



element
atom
②gen
Ex)

Water
H20
en - > molecule

Matter
element




specific charge ratio of Particle's charge & mass

(values relative to
proton)

charge I
specific
in C
charge : ratio
mass in kg Should]
* When calculating for specific charge ,
the ans .




↓ be in the same d as the lowest number of S t



of Particle's charge&
.
p .
. .



*

, 2 .
Nuclide Notation



A
chemical
·
nuclide notation + nucleon #
(MasS#) symbol
# of (protons neutrons)
protons
+

-
:
Z
-
-# of neutrons A- Z &tomic #
=




C# of protons
-

# of electrons =


2




·
when # of protons= # of electrons =
neutral atom

(non-charged)
when of # # of elections ion
protons
· =




·
nucleon : term meaning either proton/neutron particle
;

in nucleus



Ex Sodium :
PN Sodium ion :
YPNI&- Imorproton
#of p-11 #of p-11

# of n-12 # of -12
#
of e-11 #
of e-10




3 . Isotopes
Isotopes same elements that have the # of protons
:




same
·




-
but different # of neutrons .




me


# of make nucleus unstable
-increasing the neutrons in nucleus
might
EX) Hydrogen Carbon Iodine
·



·
·




3 naturally occurring isotopes of
H-carbon-14
-




is
naturally occurring isotope
E Is I
-




D of Carbon decays time
-



normal H which over

to become Carbon-12
-
iH WI IP ,
1 e ,
On
used in medicine

!)
-




& denterium (heavy hydrogen) ex -



6p ,
be ,
6n

IH w/ 1P half-life
-


-
1e 1n has a
,



!4)
,


& Tritium (rare & radioactivel
-



isotope 6p ,
be ,
on (time required for half of
~has
BH 1P 1e unstable nucleus it to
decay away (
-


2n
, ,




carbon all
dating living things absorve carbon from atmosphere & food certain
· : +




dies but the radioactive
amount of Carbon-14 .
When plant/animal , they stop absorbing ,




carbon that they've accumulated continues to decay .

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