Detailed case studies of the USA and the Laos-Thailand partnership for the OCR A-level Geography Migration topic, including migration metrics, their positive and negative impacts and exam top-tips
Mexican influx slowing due to tightening border control + returnees but Asian
immigrants are increasing (China + India) = opportunities and challenges for USA:
Patterns of Immigration, Emigration
Opportunities presented by migration
❖ 2013: 41.3mil migrants living in the USA = 13% of total pop.
✓ Immigrants take low-skilled jobs that Americans don’t want = economic
❖ 78 nationalities with >50,000 people each
growth
❖ 28% Mexican, 5% Indian, 5% Chinese, 4% Filipino
✓ Eg: 2013 Mexican employment 31% services, ¼ construction,
❖ Rate of increase is slowing manufacturing + natural resources
❖ 2.98mil US citizens living abroad in 2013 + growing ✓ China (51%) + India (73%) fills highly skilled immigrant gap
❖ Emigration destinations = Mexico, Canada, UK, Puerto Rico - ✓ In an ageing pop. with a declining birth rate, young migrants are socially
mostly by children of Mexican + Latin American immigrants + + economically (tax base) beneficial
skilled workers moving to countries with historical ties to USA ✓ Immigrants are consumers = helps job creation, start-ups + generates
wealth
Migration Policies ✓ More diverse pool of skills + intelligence = large proportion of Nobel
Prize winners/artists/etc.
o Immigration + Naturalisation Act = current governing legislation
o Annual quota limit of 675,000 permanent immigrants (not Challenges presented by migration
including refugees)
• 11.5mil unauthorised immigrants (6 mil Mexican) in USA
o 480,000 visas available for family reunification
• Other Latin Americans use Mexico as a transit country
o 140,000 visas available for highly skilled workers normally • Resulted in tightening of borders by Homeland Security
sponsored by an employer, with a limit for each country • Congress passes new immigration bills to strengthen refugee screening
o Annually changing refugee visas, humanitarian relief visas +
Case study of an AC
in December 2015
driver + influence
Diversity Immigrant Visa • Uneven progress in integration of different immigrant groups due to
o Obama’s program: DACA allowed nearly 700,000 immigrants who of migration - USA differing language, culture and relative size = conflict + tension
came to USA illegally as children to stay + work legally wt. • Large concentration of immigrants = limited supply of resources +
amnesty from deportation for at least 2 years (can be renewed) services
o Trump hates both and has had ICE carry out mass deportations of • Eg: high demand for water supply in S. California
illegal immigrants, many of whom have been residents for >10yrs • Employers may take advantage of illegal immigrants + pay them less
Why is the country so attractive to than living wage
Interdependence with other countries immigrants? • US citizens may compete with illegal immigrants for jobs
• Taxpayers foot the bill for illegal immigrants but some illegal immigrants
➢ USA-Mexico = world’s largest bilateral migrant corridor 1. Positive immigration policy +
also pay taxes yet do not receive benefits
➢ 2013: 11.5mil Mexicans living in USA, 1mil Americans living in possibility of obtaining a
Mexico = connectivity of diasporas Green Card (permanent
➢ Low-skilled illegally immigrated Mexicans support US economy in residency)
agriculture, construction + basic services 2. Employment opportunities
➢ 2013: Remittances make up 2% of Mexico’s GDP = US$22bil across a range of skill levels
➢ NAFTA formation = growing bilateral trade = benefits to Mexican 3. Wage differentials +
aerospace + IT development from US FDI remittances
➢ Difficult political relations but increasing co-operation in border 4. Improved quality of + access
security, war on drugs, etc to services
➢ Joint management of Colorado River Basin 5. Family reunification within
migration policy
6. Policy of refugee admission
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