1. ________________ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and branded as offenders.
a. consensus theory
b. conflict theory
c. labeling theory
d. left realism theory>>> c
2. _____________'s theory focused on the process that occurs after...
Criminology Final Exam
1. ________________ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught
and branded as offenders.
a. consensus theory
b. conflict theory
c. labeling theory
d. left realism theory>>> c
2. _____________'s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual has been caught and
designated as violating the law.
a. Lemert
b. Tannenbaum
c. Cooley
d. Mead
e. Becker>>> b
3. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by _______ about the labeling
perspective.
a. Lemert
b. Becker
c. Tannenbaum
d. Cooley
e. Mead>>> b
,4. Who is deviance created by?
a. law makers
b. politicians
c. individuals
d. society>>> d
5. The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a new light.
a. retrospective interpretation
b. stereotyping
c. status-degradation ceremony
d. negotiation>>> a
6. Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following EXCEPT:
a. where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that helps individuals resolve
their conflicts
b. law reflects the need for social order
c. law is a product of value consensus
d. law is a partial system that protects private interests>>> d
7. Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal behavior is a result of
conflicting group interests, which includes all of the following types of crimes EXCEPT:
a. crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes
b. crimes arising from labor disputes
c. crimes arising from robbery
d. crimes arising from political protest>>> c
,8. The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of _______________.
a. labeling theory
b. consensus theory
c. radical conflict theory
d. group conflict theory>>> c
9. _________ argues that part of human nature is that people's lives are a part, and a product, of their
group associations.
a. labeling theory
b. critical-radical theory
c. consensus theory
d. group conflict theory>>> d
10. Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and personal interactions.
Some of the most important primary groups are all of the following EXCEPT:
a. neighborhood
b. play groups
c. family
d. celebrities>>> d
11. During the various decision-making stages of police encounters with juveniles, police react to various
cues from the juveniles including all of the following EXCEPT:
a. hair color
b. dress
c. age
d. demeanor>>> a
, 12. Generally, criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in the following three (3) ways.
(Choose the answer below that is not one of the three (3) ways Marxist ideology is incorporated.)
a. law is a tool of the ruling class
b. scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and understanding crime
c. all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle
d. laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie>>> d
13. The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following theories EXCEPT:
a. labeling theory
b. biological theory
c. control theory
d. strain theory>>> b
14. John Hagan emphasized that labeling theory would likely benefit empirically from the recognition of
what type of relationship between the actor and reactor?
a. reciprocal
b. dissociated
c. separate
d. independent>>> a
15. ___________ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute
settlement.
a. left realism
b. peacemaking criminology
c. restorative justice perspective
d. consensus perspective>>> b
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