This is a DISTINCTION assignment marked by the Pearson BTEC exam board. It includes learning aim A- examine how psychological perspectives contribute to the understanding of human development and behaviour and learning aim B-examine the contribution of psychological perspectives to the management a...
Learning aim A: Examine how psychological perspectives contribute to the
understanding of human development and behaviour
Learning aim B: Examine the contribution of psychological perspectives to the
management and treatment of service users’ specific behaviours
,INTRODUCTION
Psychologist perspective is a particular belief and idea that explains a person’s behaviour
the way it works. There are six main psychologist perspective humanistic, biological,
psychodynamic, cognitive and behavioural. Biological perspective focuses on how the brain
and nervous system works and how it has an impact on aggressive behaviours. Behavioural
perspective is about how the aggressive behaviour is influenced by environmental factors.
The psychologists that focuses on this perspective are Ivan Pavlov, Burrhus Frederic Skinner
and Albert Bandura. Psychodynamic perspective is about how past childhood experience
has a role on unconscious mind on a person’s behaviour and mental health. The
psychologist that focuses on this perspective is Sigmund Freud. Cognitive perspective
understands how our memory, thinking, language, problem solving and decision-making
works. Jean Piaget focuses on this psychologist perspective. Humanistic perspective focuses
on a person experience and viewpoint. It focuses on the idea of free will and the belief that
everyone can make their own choice. The two psychologists that focuses on this perspective
are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Continuity view states that how a person is born nothing changes you just continues onward
meaning that behaviour does not change as the development is gradual. Discontinuity view
states that maybe behaviour may change according to different milestones and age. Piaget
and Chomsky are examples of discontinuity view.
There is a nature and nurture debate: Nature approach is if you are born with this certain
behaviour, you generically inherit from your parents so it is a biological maturation
inheritance. Nurture is when a person learns different behaviours from the environment or
through our experiences. Examples of theorists that focuses on this approach are Albert
Bandura with the social learning theory, Gesell’s maturation theory and stress diathesis
which is a combination of both nature and nurture debate.
There is a nomothetic and idiographic debate: nomothetic view is when we are looking at
explanation of human behaviour but then the explanation is generalising. Idiographic view is
when people are unique. Examples of theorists focuses on this perspective is Abraham
Maslow who developed the hierarchy of needs saying that everyone is different.
This report aims to evaluate the role of the principle psychological perspectives in health
staff residential unit to understand the behaviour to two service user Andy and Keira.
P1- Explain how psychological perspectives are applied to the understanding of human
development.
BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE
, According to behaviourist psychologists the way humans behaves and learn is based from
our experience and interaction with the environment. Our actions are always based on
responses to stimuli which is either naturally or based on responses learnt. Behaviourist
psychologist suggests that all the behaviour that humans acquire is through conditioning
meaning that it can be observed and with the right condition humans can learn to perform
any action since it is a response.
Pavlov and Skinner are two key thinkers that are associated with the behaviourist
perspective. They both believe that different processes was involved but both explain that
all types of behaviour are the result of learning.
Pavlov-classical condition
The theory of classical condition was developed by Ivan Pavlov
who is a Russian psychologist. He discovered the theory by
accident when he was inducing a research on dog’s digestion
when he suddenly notices that dog’s reaction to food was
changing over time. The theory was discovered in 1897 and he
won a Nobel prize for his research in 1994.
The first thing Pavlov did was to show a piece of meat to dogs
who salivated when they saw it. The meat is the unconditioned
stimulus since it causes the dogs to react in a normal way. Then Pavlov rang a bell, and the
dog did not respond to it this is a neutral response as it does not produce a response. Pavlov
then presented the meat to the dog whilst ringing the bell at the same for the dog causing
the dog to link the sound of the bell with the meat and eventually salivate in response to the
sound of the bell this is known as conditioned stimulus. Afterwards, Pavlov took the meat
away and just rang the by itself the dog learned to salivate to the sound of the bell. At this
point Pavlov had taught his dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell.
Classical condition is between two stimuli which results in a learned response. This process
is divided into three stages. The first phase is before condition which is the unconditioned
stimulus produces an unconditioned response in an organism meaning that a stimulus in the
environment has produced an unlearned response. For instance, when a person smells his
or her favourite food he or she will automatically be hungry. In this stage it could also
happen that another stimulus does not affect a person and is called neutral stimulus. The
second phase is during conditioning, where the neutral stimulus is associated with the
unconditioned response and is known as the conditioned stimulus. For example, a stomach
virus can be associated with eating a certain food such as chocolate. The third stage is after
conditioning where the conditioned stimulus has been associated with the unconditioned
stimulus to create a new conditioned response. The conditioned response is the response
which was learned to the previously neutral stimulus. For example, a person who has been
associated with a nice perfume is now being found attractive.
Skinner- Operating Conditioning
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