Summary
OCR Biology A-Level Specific Defense Summary
A HandWritten summary which contains all the necessary A* Content for Specific Defense at OCR A-Level Biology.
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Antibodies : Y shaped glycoproteins (immunoglobins) that can bind to twopathogens
↳ .
Act as opsonins/anti-toxins
Prevent
pathogens invading the host
·
cens
Agglutinate pathogens together for easier digestion
·
T-lymphocytes :
Come from the
thymus gland and respond to altered cens -> viruses/cancers
-helper sells Bind to antigen presenting cens to produce interleuking
·
:
↳interleukins Stimulate B-caus other T caus and
macrophages
:
,
·
I killer cells :
Produce perforin which hills
pathogens by making holes in the membrane
·
I Help with immunological memory
memory sens
:
F conditions
Regulatory cells Stop the immune response to
prevent autoimmune
· :
1
Phagocytosis forms antigen presenting ceus
.
2
Receptors on T-helper caus fit the antigens activating the T-helper
.
,
Cens
3 The
T-helper cells rapidly divide producing
. :
T-memory cells
divide
Interleukins to stimulate
phagocytosis/B ceus to
·
·
T-killer cels
B-lymphocytes Come :
from bone marrow and respond to extracellular
antigens - bacterial fungi
plasma Produce antibodies
·
cells :
B-effector Cells Divide to produce plasma cels
·
:
B-memory caus Help with immunological memory
·
:
1 The activated -helper binds to the B-cel with the correct
cen
antigen->clonal Selection
.
2
. Interlechins activate the B-ceus
The activated B-effector cell produces
plasma ceus and B memory cells
.
3 ->
clonal expansion
4 Cloned
plasma cells produce antibodies -
primary immune response
.
3 .
Upon a second infection B-memory cels rapidly produce antibodies Secondary immune response
Autoimmune disease When the immune self and attacks
Symptom stops recognizing the healthy cells
:
↳
Type 1 diabetes arthritis Lupus , ,
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