1. In a very broad sense, science refers to a particular view of the world, which is based on
a) the logical application of deductive reasoning.
b) assumptions about the absolute reality of nature.
*c) systematic observation and experimentation.
d) the greatest number of assumptions about the smallest aspects of nature.
2. A scientist should be able to
a) always look for evidence that supports his or her view.
*b) be able to reject his or her own opinions when the evidence does not support that opinion.
c) decide complex ethical issues by weighing the evidence pro and con.
d) never reject a hypothesis based on data alone.
3. Empirical evidence is the
*a) verifiable results of the scientific process.
b) hypothesis a researcher makes at the outset of research.
c) only the data collected outside of the lab.
d) reason for doing science in the first place.
4. Which of the following statements are true?
*a. The goal of memory science is to make generalizations about how memory works in the real
world, but by studying it under careful and controlled laboratory conditions.
b. The goal of memory science is to use common sense to improve study skills.
c. The goal of memory science is to perform lots of experiments on well-studied paradigms in
order to completely map out that particular paradigm.
d. The goal of memory science is to understand the specifics of individual memory in the lab by
studying how people perform ordinary memory tasks.
5. The first scientist to address issues of memory using empirical research was
a. William Bartlett
b. James Bartlett
*c. Hermann Ebbinghaus
d. Gunter Grass
6. Ebbinghaus found that if he used a longer retention interval between study and test
a. his ability to remember syllables was unaffected.
b. his ability to remember syllables was improved.
*c. his ability to remember syllables was impaired.
d. his ability to perceive time was unaffected by retention interval.
,7. A savings score means
a. how much money participants can earn when rewards are offered for each item recalled.
b. the difference between the retention interval and the inter-stimulus interval.
c. how many nonsense syllables can occur on one study list.
*d. the decrease in time required to learn a list that was learned earlier.
8. Harry Barry studied a list of word pairs until he had learned all 20 of them to perfection. One
year later, he can no longer remember any of the pairs. Nonetheless, it takes him less time to
relearn this list. What concept is Harry demonstrating?
a) Operant conditioning
b) Selective amnesia
c) Part-set cueing
*d) The savings score
9. Ebbinghaus showed that
*a) overlearning can improve subsequent savings scores.
b) overlearning is an inefficient use of study time.
c) overlearning requires extreme patience and concentration; thus, it should be avoided.
d) overlearning did not generalize to other participants.
10. Continuing to study even after you have mastered the material is called
a) episodic recall
*b) overlearning
c) distributed practice
d) massed practice
11. The spacing effect refers to
a) memory is better when all study occurs at once.
*b) memory improves when study is distributed across time.
c) memory is better when lists are composed of nonsense syllables.
d) memory improves only if retention intervals are removed.
12. Mary Calkins is known for her research on
a. overlearning.
*b. paired-associate learning.
c. saving scores.
d. ecologically-valid eyewitness memory.
13. Behaviorism stressed
*a) the importance of observable data.
b) the idea that mental processes could be studied scientifically.
, c) higher-order cognitive processes.
d) that conditioning could not account for all learning.
14. In operational conditioning, an animal learns to continue a particular behavior because
a) it hears a bell ring every time it performs the behavior.
*b) the behavior is always followed by a reinforcer such as food.
c) it instinctively knows to continue behaviors it has already displayed.
c) it remembers that previous other behaviors have had good outcomes.
15. Frederic Bartlett disagreed with the behaviorists and with Ebbinghaus because Bartlett
thought that
a) operational conditioning can account for savings scores.
b) overlearning and encoding specificity are really the same phenomenon.
c) memory is composed of multiple systems.
*d) meaning is intrinsically linked to memory.
16. Among the contributions of Endel Tulving are
*a) the semantic/episodic distinction and encoding specificity.
b) savings scores and operational conditioning.
c) the critical nature of distributed practice and long-term working memory.
d) prospective memory and interference.
17. In recent years, Endel Tulving has promoted and contributed to the
a) return to behavioral roots of memory science.
b) ecological validity in paired-associate learning.
c) a historical approach to memory science.
*d) the cognitive neuroscience approach to memory research.
18. The cognitive approach assumes that
a) that we can only generalize to observable behavior.
b) that information is static within cognitive systems.
c) that all learning takes place through conditioning.
*d) that memory is based on neural processes.
19. Cognitive psychology’s approach to memory emphasizes
*a) the flow of information through the cognitive systems.
b) the developmental trajectory of memory.
c) the neurocellular underpinnings of learning and remembering.
d) the passive effects of time and space on memory.
20. Cognitive neuroscience is
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