HCA 502 Final Exam

What is Primary Health Care? ch 5 correct answer: Essential healthcare made universally accessible to all people in the community by means acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost that the community/country can afford What are the Primary Health Care Core Components? (5 components) ch 5 correct answer: 1. Promotion of adequate food supply and proper nutrition 2. Adequate supply for safe water and basic sanitation 3. Maternal and child health care including family planning 4. Immunizations against vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and polio 5. The prevention and control of locally endemic diseases by means of timely diagnosis, treatment, and vector control What are the societal concerns of primary health care? (3 concerns) ch 5 correct answer: 1. Proper professional training 2. Monitored governmental expenditures and debt 3. The issue of rural vs urban communities What are the three benefits of primary health care? ch 5 correct answer: 1. Offers more cost-effective health care than hospital care 2. Reduces human suffering 3. Is more accessible What are the four problems with primary health care? ch 5 correct answer: 1. How to evaluate PHC 2. How to pay the cost of PHC 3. How community utilizes PHC programs 4. The sociopolitical roles of PHC workers What are the objectives of Alma-Ata? (4 objectives) ch 5 correct answer: 1. Promote PHC 2. Exchange experiences and info on the development of PHC 3. Evaluate the present health and health care 4. Define the principles and operational means of PHC What are the socio-economic issues relating to maternal health? (4 issues) ch 6 correct answer: 1. Female genital mutilation (FGM) 2. Unsafe abortions 3. Nutritional deficiencies 4. Barrier to health care services Define mortality ch 6 correct answer: Death. The state of being subjected to death Define morbidity ch 6 correct answer: A diseases state or symptom. The incidence of disease Define maternal death correct answer: The disease of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental causes What are the two types of maternal death? ch 6 correct answer: Direct: obstetric death resulting from complications, interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment such as hemorrhage, infection, eclampsia, and obstructed labor Indirect: obstetric death resulting from a previous existing disease such as diabetes What is infant mortality rate? (IMR) ch 6 correct answer: A key indicator measuring socioeconomic development, hygienic conditions, and overall health of a population. What are the three types of IMR? ch 6 correct answer: Neonatal (within the first 28 days of life) - First day death (within 7 days of age) Late neonatal death (between 7 and 28 days) Post-neonatal (between 28 days and 1 year) Perinatal deaths (between gestational age and first 7 days of age) How many abortions are done each year and what percent of them are unsafe? ch 6 correct answer: 50 Million, 90% are unsafe Before 1989..... (Romania Case Study) ch 6 correct answer: Abortion, contraceptive, and sex education were outlawed What are the impacts of the political ideology on health care? (2 impacts) ch 7 correct answer: 1. Social democracies lead to universal health coverage 2. Individual responsibility ethos lead to private for-profit systems Healthcare services are organized to promote what four things? ch 7 correct answer: 1. Reduce health care inequalities 2. Increase efficiency 3. Protect individuals, families, and communities from financial loss 4. Enhance fairness in financing and delivering health services What does a crisis in health care mean in USA? ch 7 correct answer: Ever-spiraling costs What does a crisis in health care mean in Russia? ch 7 correct answer: Organizational disarray and lack of essential services What does a crisis in health care mean in Ghana? ch 7 correct answer: Systematic collapse of medical services Who has the highest average life expectancy? ch 7 correct answer: Switzerland 83 years What is the total health care expenditure and average life expectancy in China? ch 7 correct answer: 5.2 and 75 years What is the total health care expenditure and average life expectancy in Japan? ch 7 correct answer: 9.3 and 85 years What are two health indices for comparisons among nations? ch 7 correct answer: 1. Infant mortality rate 2. Life expectancy What are the 5 types of health care coverage? ch 7 correct answer: 1. Beveridge Model 2. Bismarck Model 3. Douglas Model 4. Out-of-Pocket Model 5. American Model What are the 4 characteristics of the Beveridge Model? ch 7 correct answer: 1. Health care is provided and financed by the government through tax payments 2. Not all hospitals and clinics are owned by the government 3. Patients do not get a doctor bill 4. Government as a sole payer controls the charges What are the 4 characteristics of the Bismarck Model? ch 7 correct answer: 1. Similar to the US system using insurance systems called sickness funds through payroll deductions 2. Unlike the US insurance industry, it covers everyone, and makes no profits 3. Hospitals and physicians are private 4. Government tight regulations control the cost of healthcare What are the 3 characteristics of the Douglas Model? ch 7 correct answer: 1. It is a mixture of the Beveridge and Bismarck Models 2. Providers are private, but payment comes from the government-run insurance program 3. It is a single-payer system that has power to control costs through: No financial motive to make a profit, power to negotiate for lower prices, and ability to limit medical services What are the 3 characteristics of the Out-of-Pocket Model? ch 7 correct answer: 1. Basic rule is no money, no service (the rich get medical care, the poor stay sick or die) 2. Patients can sometimes scratch together enough money to pay a doctor bill or pay in potatoes or chickens 3. If they have nothing, they go without medical care What are the 5 characteristics of the American Model? ch 7 correct answer: 1. A mixture of the Beveridge, Bismarck, the National Health Insurance and out-of-pocket Models 2. Veterans belong to the Beveridge Model 3. People over 65 years old belong to the Douglas Model 4. Working people belong to the Bismarck Model 5. People without health insurance belong to the out-of-pocket model What is epidemiology? ch 8 correct answer: The study of disease/injury patterns in human populations to enable preventing them How does epidemiology characterize the distribution of health? (3 ways) ch 8 correct answer: 1. Person (acquired: marital status, hereditary: age, gender, ethnicity) 2. Place (geography, climate, population densities) 3. Time What are the three frequency rates? ch 8 correct answer: 1. Prevalence = (existing cases / pop at risk) x 1,000 2. Incidence rate = (new cases / pop at risk ) x 1,000 3. Cumulative incident rate = (# new cases during specified time / pop at risk) x 1,000 What are specialized epidemiological measures? (2 measures) ch 8 correct answer: 1. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) 2. Dependency ratio (DR) What are the 4 infectious disease concepts? ch 8 correct answer: 1. Endemic 2. Epidemic 3. Pandemic 4. Sporadic Define endemic ch 8 correct answer: The typical or normal level of disease occurrence in a population Define epidemic ch 8 correct answer: A major increase and spread of the disease throughout a population Define pandemic ch 8 correct answer: The spread of the disease beyond its normal population of occurrence sometimes approaching a worldwide distribution Define sporadic ch 8 correct answer: The disease occurs episodically What are the 4 properties of infectious agents? ch 8 correct answer: 1. Pathogenicity 2. Toxigenicity 3. Infectivity 4. Virulence Define pathogenicity ch 8 correct answer: The ability of the agent to cause disease once it gains access to the host Define toxigenicity ch 8 correct answer: The ability of the agent to produce toxins that cause the host to be sick Define infectivity ch 8 correct answer: The ability of the agent to enter and multiply in the host Define virulence ch 8 correct answer: The ability of the agent to do harm to the host What is Germ Theory? ch 8 correct answer: Each disease has one and only one specific etiological agent What is life-style disease? ch 8 correct answer: A whole panoply of interrelated factors that both predispose to and cause the disease What is Web of Causation? ch 8 correct answer: Provides a basis for developing disease control and prevention measures for groups at risk What are three types of communicable diseases? ch 9 correct answer: 1. STDs 2. Emerging diseases (new diseases such as ebola) 3. Reemerging diseases (resistance to antimicrobials such as malaria) What are examples of non-communicable diseases and where are they more common? ch 9 correct answer: More common in developed and developing nations. Examples include: Cardiovascular disease What do refugees and displaced persons suffer from? (2 things) ch 9 correct answer: 1. Poor sanitation 2. Lack of clean food and water Who has the title of Minister of Health? ch cuba correct answer: Fidel Castro What is the average life expectancy in Cuba? ch cuba correct answer: 78 years What is the GDP in Cuba? ch cuba correct answer: 128.5 billion When was Cuba's first reform, and why did they have it? ch cuba correct answer: 1960s. To remedy the uneven distribution of healthcare that prevailed in pre-revolutionary Cuba When was Cuba's second reform, and why did they have it? ch cuba correct answer: 1990s. In response to the economic crisis caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the tightening of the U.S. embargo What kind of care does Cuba focus on? ch cuba correct answer: Primary Care What is the infant mortality rate in Cuba? ch cuba correct answer: 4.5 per 1,000 deaths How many doctors are there in Cuba? ch cuba correct answer: 1 for every 175 people What two things does Cuba lack and why? ch cuba correct answer: Drugs and Equipment. Due to embargo and insufficient foreign currency What three problems will Cuba face in the future? ch cuba correct answer: 1. Poverty 2. Growth of elderly population 3. High rates of smoking What is the average life expectancy in France? correct answer: 82 years What is the Yin Yang principle? ch 1 correct answer: The idea of a body as a microcosmic universe. Used to describe balance in our lives. Yin is the female energy and the yang is the male energy. The opposing energies balance the body and other things in life. What is the definition of health according to WHO? ch 1 correct answer: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Not just the absence of disease Who wrote the textbook of medicine? ch 1 correct answer: Galen What were the causes and consequences of the Black Death? ch 1 correct answer: Causes: disease was transmitted to humans by rodents via fleas Consequences: population growth halted and actually reversed What were the concerns of the first civilization? (3 concerns) ch 1 correct answer: 1. Sanitary concerns 2. Clean water supplies 3. Spread of infectious diseases as travel between communities increases What influence do dominant cultures have? ch 2 correct answer: They kill off smaller languages. 10,000 - 15,000 languages existed in prehistoric times. Now it is reduced to 6,000 in the year 2000 What effects does globalization have? ch 2 correct answer: 1. Economic development: raising global standards of living, combating hunger 2. Human well-being: empowering women, promoting literacy, and extending life 3. Environment: causing more pollution 4. Culture: changing local cultures 5. Political: turning to populism What is the Malthus theory? ch 3 correct answer: Increases in agricultural production grow arithmetically, while human populations grow geometrically. "Carrying capacity" is known as the maximum population that a particular environmental/geographical area can maintain What are the strategies to slow down population growth? (4 strategies) ch 3 correct answer: 1. Promote late marriage 2. Advocate one couple one child 3. Promote proper spacing (the time between children is adequate) 4. Encourage family planning What are the four types of diseases involved in non-potable water? ch 3 correct answer: 1. Waterborne diseases: feces/urine contamination 2. Water-washed diseases: inadequate washing 3. Water-based diseases: parasites 4. Water-related diseases: vectors using water for reproductive cycle What is malnutrition? ch 4 correct answer: Not simply the lack of nutritious food. It is the lack of essential vitamins and minerals which lead to problems associated with various deficiencies What is over-nutrition? ch 4 correct answer: An excess of energy or nutrients. A condition that generally leads to diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and cancer What is protein-energy malnutrition? (2 kinds) ch 4 correct answer: 1. Marasmus - a physical process of starvation. Common in children who's mothers have recently has another child and have weaned the first child 2. Kwashiorkor - the body begins to metabolize its own protein sources. This is accelerated by inadequate intake of zinc, iodine, and vitamin A