Exam (elaborations)
FCCN EXAM/30 QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS A+ GRADED
FCCN EXAM/30 QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS A+ GRADED
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FCCN EXAM/30 QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATEANSWERS A+ GRADED
positive inotrope examples - -dobutamine, digoxin
increases contractility (HF)
-negative inotrope example - -beta blockers and CCB
decreases contractility (angina)
-Pre renal - -decreased perfusion MAP <60
-Intrarenal - -actual damage to nephrons=necrosis
-post-renal - -obstruction=tumor, prostate, edema
-Hyperkalemia ECG changes - -Tall tented T waves
-Hypokalemia ECG changes - -U wave
-hypocalcemia ECG changes - -prolonged QT intervals
-hypomagnesemia ECG changes - -widened QRS, prolonged PR & QT,
ALWAYS TREAT FIRST
-Order of replacement of electrolytes - -1. magnesium-party starter can
increase other electrolytes.
2. potassium
3. phosphorus
4. calcium
-Preload define: Low tx, high tx - -VOLUME
increased: constriction of veins
decreased: dilation of veins
stretch or pressure left in the left ventricle at the end of diastole—when the
heart is the most relaxed
Low: fluids, vasoconstrictor, albumin
High: diuretics, vasodilators (nitro), dialysis
-Afterload definition: treatment for high and low - -RESISTANCE. the amount
of vascular resistance that must be overcome by the left ventricle to allow
blood to flow out of the heart.
increased: more resistance
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