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Lecture notes Developmental Psychopathology '23/'24
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The lecture notes of Developmental Psychopathology. Concepts are underlined. Everything in dutch is in italics.
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Developmental psychopathology (DP)A combination of lecture slides, notes and working group additions.
Table of contents
Dp Fundamentals - Bill Hale 2
Hoorcollege 2: Anxiety- Denise Bodden 3
Skills lecture - Managing feedback: pitfalls & suggestions 7
Hoorcollege 3: Depression 7
Hoorcollege 4: Inattention, hyperactivity, social communication deficits & repetitive
behaviours - Anne Smit 11
Hoorcollege 5: Oppositional defiant disorder & conduct disorder a developmental
perspective - Dr. Lysanne te Brinke 13
Hoorcollege 6: Intellectual disorders - Lex Wijnroks 16
Hoorcollege 7: Substance abuse - Margreet de Looze 22
Hoorcollege 8: Eating disorders - Anouk Keizer & Roos 25
Hoorcollege 9: Developmental language disorder - Elma Blom 27
Hoorcollege 10: Dyslexia and dyscalculia - Elise de Bree 28
Hoorcollege 11: Maltreatment, trauma and related disorders - Anne Marsman 32
1
,Dp Fundamentals - Bill Hale (dutch)
DP is het onderzoek naar normale ontwikkeling (in kinderen en adolescenten) dat fout
gegaan is.
➔ “Development that has gone awry”.
- Deze abnormale ontwikkeling leidt tot psychopathological problems.
❖ Dus probleem gedrag zit in de jeugd en in zijn/haar omgeving. Er is sprake van een
wisselwerking tussen deze twee.
❖ Beide zijn afhankelijk, volgens de transactional view.
= meerdere factoren dragen actief bij aan adaptief en maladaptief gedrag.
➢ DP bevat een ecologisch perspectief.
= alles staat in contact met elkaar, daarom is er altijd sprake van
onderlinge invloeden en afhankelijkheden.
Het doel van Developmental Psychopathology (DP) is het proberen begrijpen.
● De essentie begrijpen.
● Hoe de psychopathology ontstaat.
Wat is abnormaal gedrag?
● Niet enkel atypisch gedrag, maar ook schadelijk.
● Het is niet passend binnen de ontwikkeling.
● Verschillende variabelen moeten in acht genomen worden:
○ Leeftijd
○ Situatie/context
○ Gender
■ Intensiteit
■ Expressie (verwachte gedragingen)
○ Cultuur (etniciteit/ras)
○ Interacting events
● Twee soorten abnormale ontwikkeling:
1. Continuity = geleidelijke en kwantitatieve veranderingen in de ontwikkeling.
a. De veranderingen voorspellen de toekomstige gedragspatronen.
i. Drie soorten:
1. Homotypic continuity = stabiele uiting van symptomen.
2. Heterotypic continuity = uiting van symptomen
verandert met de ontwikkeling.
3. Cumulative continuity = het gedrag stapelt zich op over
tijd en zorgt voor een maladaptieve ontwikkeling.
2. Discontinuity = abrupte en kwalitatieve veranderingen in de ontwikkeling.
a. De veranderingen voorspellen niet de toekomstige gedragspatronen.
● Gedragsindicatoren van abnormaal gedrag:
○ Bijv. vertraagde ontwikkeling.
2
,Lecture 2: Anxiety- Denise Bodden
Emotions
Four basic emotions:
1. Happiness
2. Fear
3. Anger
4. Sadness
- Some people argue that there are 6 emotions:
5. Surprise
6. Disgust
What is anxiety?
Anxiety was very functional in the early ages of humans.
● Evolutionary view: “Anxiety is good to have, it is essential for survival.”
Nowadays it’s less useful because we encounter less life threatening situations.
Difference between fear and anxiety:
- Fear/fright = reflex reacting to immediate (often real) danger.
● About 80 milliseconds.
- Anxiety = reaction to threat of possible danger, including recognition of dangerous
stimulus.
● About 150 milliseconds.
Anxiety symptoms:
- Physical component:
● Increased heart rate
● Short of breath
● Stomach ache, nausea
● Sweating, etc.
- Cognitive components:
● Thoughts or images:
○ Getting hurt
○ Near death
○ Threat/dangerous even/danger
➢ This is the component that is worked on in therapy to cope with anxiety.
- Behavioural component:
● Crying
● Screaming
● Nail biting
● Freeze reaction
● Flight reaction
● Fight reaction
Which anxiety disorders are there?
Social anxiety disorder
- Anxiety for situations in which the child:
● has to interact with others
● has to present (familiar/unfamiliar)
● might get a critical comment of someone else
3
, ● being judged
Separation anxiety
● Anxiety or worry to be separated from home or attachment figures.
● Not appropriate for developmental phase.
● Avoidance or excessive anxiety.
○ E.g. not wanting to go to school. Not going on a trip.
➔ Not only about the separation, but also about an event that could separate them, like
an accident.
Generalized anxiety disorder
● Excessive anxiety or worry about several topics.
○ Two hours or more a day.
○ Mostly worries about more things than one.
● Difficulty to control this worry.
Specific phobia
Clear and persistent anxiety that’s being elicit by a specific object or situation. For example:
● Animals
○ Spiders
● Nature-environment
○ Lighting
● Blood-injection-injury
● Situational
○ Hights
Panic disorder
● Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with symptoms, like heart palpitations, trembling,
perspiration, short of breath, pain at chest, dizzy, fear of losing control or dying.
● People had anxiety symptoms, those were so uncomfortable that they develop a fear
of the anxiety.
○ Worry/anxiety that it will happen again and that will have consequences.
These people notice the smallest changes in their body and they will think that an anxiety
attack will happen again.That gives them anxiety and triggers an actual panic attack.
Agora phobia
Anxiety in a specific location or situation in which escaping is difficult, embarrassing or where
there is no help.
● “I can not be in this place without knowing an escape.”
○ E.g. being at a concert in the pit.
○ Comparable to claustrophobia.
Selective mutism
● Not being able to or dare to talk in specific social (unfamiliar) situations, when this is
expected.
● Able to speak in other specific situations (familiar).
○ Often children from families where one of the parents is not from the country
that they are living in, they don’t speak the native language.
● Interference with school or social functioning.
● It has to last at least 1 month, because it could also be shyness.
Disorders that are no longer a ‘anxiety disorder’, according to the DMS
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
4
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