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(A-Level) AQA Biology Photosynthesis Topic Summary £2.99   Add to cart

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(A-Level) AQA Biology Photosynthesis Topic Summary

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Summary of the A-level photosynthesis topic, according to the AQA specification. Notes will still apply to there specifications but take caution with key words and processes.

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  • November 8, 2023
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AQA Biology A-Level Notes


Photosynthesis Notes:

Every organism and ecosystem relies on energy

-> in which photosynthesis is one of the most important processes

 Occurs at the leaf of the plant, in organelles called
chloroplasts

This has some adaptations for efficiency:

 The leaf has a large surface area to maximise sunlight
absorption
 The leaf has a thin and transparent cuticle, allowing
necessary gases and sunlight through
 Stomata allow for gas exchange to maintain a concentration
gradient

The chloroplasts themselves contain grana / thylakoids which
provide a large surface area Figure 1 – reproduced from [1]

-> as well as containing pigments such as chlorophyl (green) which absorb sunlight

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

The stages of photosynthesis:

The general equation for photosynthesis is highly simplified and is really a more complex metabolic
pathway

1. Capturing of light energy:

Occurs via pigments such as chlorophyll absorbing light in the chloroplast

2. The light-dependant reaction:

This reaction uses the light energy in the chemical bonds of the pigment

-> this energy creates an electron pathway through the chlorophyll

 Due to this light energy, water splits in a process called photolysis
 This produces protons, electrons and oxygen

2H2O -> 4H+ + 4e- + O2

The oxygen leaves as waste via diffusion

 At the same time some light energy is used in ‘photophosphorylation’

ADP + P -> ATP

Overall – this process produces ATP and NADPH

3. The light independent reaction:

This involves the protons (H+) producing sugars and other organic molecules.

, AQA Biology A-Level Notes


Role of chloroplast:

The grana are stacks of 100 disc-like structures

-> these make up the bulk of the chloroplast

 The discs are called thylakoids – where the light dependent reaction occurs
 These contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments

The stroma makes up the rest of the chloroplast

-> this is a fluid filled matrix where the light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs

 Also contains ions and enzymes for both stages



Light Dependant Reaction:

The light dependant reaction involves the formation of ATP and NADPH by a sequence of reactions

-> this is split up into two separate ‘sub reactions’

 Photolysis – splitting of water with light
 Photophosphorylation – formation of ATP using light energy

These processes use a series of reduction and oxidation reactions

-> where:

 Oxidation is the loss of electrons or H+
 Reduction is the opposite with the gain of H + or electrons

Photolysis + Photophosphorylation:

This reaction is caused by the action of light absorbed during photosynthesis

-> splitting up water into products:

2H2O -> 4H+ + 4e- + O2

These products are then used later in photosynthesis, apart from oxygen which diffuses away as
waste

Photophosphorylation also uses light energy, but instead to make ATP

-> this uses inorganic phosphate (Pi)

ADP + Pi -> ATP

These both occur in and around the thylakoid membrane:

 Photolysis occurs within the thylakoid space
 Photophosphorylation occurs on the membrane (but on the
stroma side mainly)

These contribute to the bulk of the processes involved in the light
dependant reaction, which follows a complex chain of events.
Figure 2 – Reproduced from [1]

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