❗ red= term, blue= structure/ features, black = function
nucleus ribosomes
surrounded by double membrane— site of protein synthesis in both
nuclear envelope eukaryotic and prokaryotic (eukaryotic
ribosomes are bigger→ 80s vs 70s)
small gaps in envelope— nuclear
pores,, allow large molecules in/ out made up of one small and one large
subunit— from ribosomal RNA and
nucleolus manufactures ribosomes and
ribosomal DNA protein
contains DNA which controls cell found in rough ER or roam freely
activities through protein synthesis
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum stack of curved membranes, enclosing a
cell's transport system series of flattened sacs called cisternae
(not interconnected)
network of membranes, enclosed spaces
receives proteins from RER
formed by membrane called cisternae
transports lipids and caarbohhydrates
rough ER: ribosomes attached, protein
synthesis occurs here modifies lipids and proteins to prepare
them for secretion
smooth ER:
formation of glycoproteins,
synthesises, stores and transports
lipoproteins, lysosomes and other
lipids and carbohydrates,
secretory vesicles
synthesises steroid hormones
chloroplasts [plants]
cell structure 1
, detoxifies harmful metabolic site of photosynthesis
byproducts surrounded by double membrane
stores and metabolises calcium ions inside chloroplast, membranes are called
within cell. thylakoid. this is where chlorophyll is
found
lysosome
a stack of thylakoids make a granum (pl.
formed by budding of golgi apparatus
= grana)
vesicle containing digestive enzymes to
aq fluid called stroma contains starch
break down large molecules
grains and is where light independent
enzymes work best in acidic conditions, stage/ photosynthesis happens
so pH is quite low
cytoplasm is neutral so enzymes are
plasma membrane
ineffective if released outside lysosome's controls what enters and exits cell
single-wall membrane has many features— bilayer made up of
enzymes digest worn-out organelles, lipid molecules and protein molecules
foreign objects, toxins, cells, pathogens, hydrophilic head of phospholipid and
dead cells hydrophobic tail of phospholipids
mitochondria
surrounded by double membrane
(envelope). inner membrane folds to form
cristae— increased SA
"background material"= matrix, where
the membrane is folded into
aerobic respiration happens on both
matrix and cristae cholesterol- stabilises membrane
responsible for production of ATP— cell's channel proteins= facilitated diffusion of
energy source ions
kreb's cycle and oxidative camer proteins- active transport and
phosphorylation facilitated diffusion
glycoproteins- receptors (on surface)
cell wall
cell structure 2
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