notes on anatomy and physiology unit 3 health and social care BTEC from someone who got three distinctions, very useful for current students studying the same subject and wanting to get into university!
Thursday 12th May 2022
How are microorganisms used for medicine?
Antibiotics:
- kill or inhibit growth of harmful microorganisms
- compete with harmful microorganisms and win through chemical advantage
- antibiotics work against gram negative bacteria, protoctista and fungi
- they do not work against viruses
- bacterial - kill bacteria
- bacteriostatic - inhibit growth of bacteria
Video notes:
- penicillin was the first type of antibiotic discovered by complete mistake
- penicillium mould produces constant penicillin to defend itself from threats
- it fights of bacteria competing for resources such as food, oxygen, moisture
- destroys many types of bacteria by disrupting synthesis of their cell walls
- the strength of the bacteria comes from sugars and amino acids that are being
broken down and rebuilt
- penicillin stops the walls of bacteria from being built backup
- penicillin not harmful to our own cells as they are no cell walls on our body’s cells
- 5 -15 % of people are allergic to penicillin
- 2mins onwards in video statistics on antibiotics
, Vaccines:
- memory cells are created by inactive, antigen presenting pathogens
- antibodies are then stored in the body to attack future, active pathogens with the
same antigen
- vaccines are very cost effective, worth the money
Live Attenuated vaccine:
- can be made in several ways
- most common method is passing the disease - causing virus through a series of
cell cultures or animal embryos
- when the resulting vaccine virus is given to a human it will not replicate enough to
cause illness, but it will still provoke an immune response that can protect against
future infection
- one concern that must be considered is the potential for the vaccine virus to revert
to a form capable of causing disease.
- mutations can occur when the vaccine virus replicates in the body which may lead
to a more virulent strain but it’s unlikely
Killed or inactivated vaccines:
- Vaccines of this type are created by inactivating a pathogen, typically using heat or
chemicals such as formaldehyde or formalin. This destroys the pathogen’s ability to
replicate. but keeps it “intact” so that the immune system can still recognize it.
- killed or inactivated pathogens can’t replicate at all, they can’t revert to a more
virulent form capable of causing disease
- they tend to provide shorter protection than live vaccines, and are more likely to
require boosters to create long-term immunity
TYPE OF Advantage or Argument made
VACCINE Disadvantage
All Vaccines Advantage Cost Effective
Live Attenuated vaccine Advantage it is an excellent
simulation for the
immune system
All vaccines Advantage Stop people from
becoming ill
All vaccines disadvantage People can have allergic
reactions to any vaccine
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