1
History
Paper 2
November
Exam
Grade 11
2023
These notes have been compiled using previous exam papers: SACAI NOV 2019, SACAI NOV 2020, SACAI
NOV 2021
NOTE: Some information is repeated, but I have attached it so you can see the different ways questions /
resources can be presented.
Good luck. Juffrou Ansie.
Nationalism: South Africa, the Middle East and Africa
1. HOW DID BLACK NATIONALISM INFLUENCE POLITICAL GROWTH AMONG BLACK SOUTH
AFRICANS?SACAI NOV 2019
SOURCE 1A: The following source refers to the changes in the ANC, which began as the SANNC in 1912.
The election of Dr Alfred Bitini Xuma as President of the ANC represents a decisive break with the old,
boring, conservative leadership that led the ANC to a dead end. Under Xuma's leadership, the ANC was
restructured so that it became much more successful and politically effective. After Xuma's reforms, the
ANC was better able to respond to the challenges of the African working class's discontent. Xuma and his
Evidence
partners workedfrom
on a the
newsource indicating
constitution for thethat
ANCthe ANC
which introduced
was implemented changes.
in 1943. The new constitution
scrapped the privileged position of heads within the ANC, gave equal status to women members which
paved the "The
way forelection of Dr Alfred
the formation BitiniWomen's
of the ANC Xuma asLeague
President of the
in 1948 ANC
- and veryrepresents a centralized
importantly,
power in the organization
decisive breakwith
withathefive-member executive
old, boring, committee.
conservative It has not
leadership only
that planning,
has put thenot only
made policy formulation and the execution of political strategies more effective, but also stopped chaotic
ANC in a dead end."
provincial factions. Much has been done to improve the finances of the organization, recruit new
members and rebuild their branches' structures. Xuma also hired full-time organizers and built ties with
organizations such as the Communist Party and the South African Indian Congress (SAIC)... (Freely
translated: Every Step of the Way.)
, 2
"Under Xuma's leadership, the ANC was structured so that it became much more
successful and politically effective." "After Xuma's reforms, the ANC was better
able to respond to the challenges of the discontent of the African working class."
"Xuma and his partners worked on a new constitution for the ANC which was
implemented in 1943.
The reasons why it was necessary for the ANC to restructure during the 1940s.
The ANC started many years ago in 1912.
Incompetent leadership.
It failed to address the discontent of the working class
The changes that Xuma has put in place within the ANC
It put a new constitution in place.
This eroded the privileged position of leaders in the ANC.
Give equal status to female members.
Centralized power in the ANC
, 3
SOURCE 1B: This extract focuses on the various reasons for the formation of the ANC Youth League. One evening in
1943 I met Anton Lembede and AP Mda in Walter Sisulu's house. From the moment I heard Lembede speak, I knew I
was dealing with a magnetic person who was an original thinker and who often initiated new ways. He was one of a
handful of African lawyers in the whole of South Africa and was the legal partner of Dr Pixley Seme, one of the
founders of the ANC. Lembede declared that there was a new spirit among the people, that ethnic differences were
melting away, that young men and women began to think of themselves first as an African, not as a Xhosa, or a
Tswana not; it awakened something in me... Many felt, perhaps unfairly so, that the ANC as a whole had become
reserved for a tired, non-militant, privileged African elite, more concerned with their own rights than those of the
masses. The general consensus was that action must be taken and Dr Majombozi proposed the formation of a Youth
League as a way to breathe new life into the ANC leadership. The actual founding of the Youth League took place on
Easter Sunday in 1944 at the Bantu Men's Social Center in Eloff Street. There were about a hundred men there, some
from as far as Pretoria. Jordan, Ngubane, AP Mda and William Nkomo gave speeches and emphasized the rise of
African nationalism. Branches soon sprung up in all the provinces. The primary purpose of the Youth League was to
give direction to the ANC's quest for political freedom…. (Freely translated from Nelson Mandela's book: Long walk to
Freedom) The general consensus was that action must be taken and Dr Majombozi proposed the formation of a Youth
League as a way to breathe new life into the ANC leadership. The actual founding of the Youth League took place on
Easter Sunday in 1944 at the Bantu Men's Social Center in Eloff Street. There were about a hundred men there, some
from as far as Pretoria. Jordan, Ngubane, AP Mda and William Nkomo gave speeches and emphasized the rise of
African nationalism. Branches soon sprung up in all the provinces. The primary purpose of the Youth League was to
give direction to the ANC's quest for political freedom…. (Freely translated from Nelson Mandela's book: Long walk to
Freedom) The general consensus was that action must be taken and Dr Majombozi proposed the formation of a Youth
League as a way to breathe new life into the ANC leadership. The actual founding of the Youth League took place on
Easter Sunday in 1944 at the Bantu Men's Social Center in Eloff Street. There were about a hundred men there, some
from as far as Pretoria. Jordan, Ngubane, AP Mda and William Nkomo gave speeches and emphasized the rise of
African nationalism. Branches soon sprung up in all the provinces. The primary purpose of the Youth League was to
give direction to the ANC's quest for political freedom…. (Freely translated from Nelson Mandela's book: Long walk to
Freedom) The actual founding of the Youth League took place on Easter Sunday in 1944 at the Bantu Men's Social
Center in Eloff Street. There were about a hundred men there, some from as far as Pretoria. Jordan, Ngubane, AP
Mda and William Nkomo gave speeches and emphasized the rise of African nationalism. Branches soon sprung up in
all the provinces. The primary purpose of the Youth League was to give direction to the ANC's quest for political
freedom…. (Freely translated from Nelson Mandela's book: Long walk to Freedom) The actual founding of the Youth
League took place on Easter Sunday in 1944 at the Bantu Men's Social Center in Eloff Street. There were about a
hundred men there, some from as far as Pretoria. Jordan, Ngubane, AP Mda and William Nkomo gave speeches and
emphasized the rise of African nationalism. Branches soon sprung up in all the provinces. The primary purpose of the
Youth League was to give direction to the ANC's quest for political freedom…. (Freely translated from Nelson
Mandela's book: Long walk to Freedom) The primary purpose of the Youth League was to give direction to the ANC's
quest for political freedom…. (Freely translated from Nelson Mandela's book: Long walk to Freedom) The primary
purpose of the Youth League was to give direction to the ANC's quest for political freedom…. (Freely translated from
Nelson Mandela's book: Long walk to Freedom)
, 4
African Nationalism
African nationalism is also called Pan-Africanism; it is a political movement for the unity
of Africa, works for self-determination and seeks to protect the identity of Africans.
What were the reasons for the formation of the ANC Youth League.
➢ To involve the youth in political activities.
➢ To put the boring leadership on a new track. (to make fire)
➢ To give new direction to the ANC/ enlarges the freedom struggle
How the formation of the ANC Youth League is evidence of growing Black nationalism
in South Africa.
➢ The youth were involved in the freedom struggle.
➢ The formation emphasized the growing spirit of African nationalism.
➢ Branches were established in all the provinces
The source as reliable
➢ Nelson Mandela, who participated in the formation of the Youth League's words
are used.
➢ Many facts, names and dates have been used - they can be verified.
➢ The information is consistent with other sources
SOURCE 1C: The following is the front page of the "Guardian" newspaper, March 9,
1950.
