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Unit 9: infection control HSC
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
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diseases through building campaigns and series that works reduces the water-relates issues, byintroducing guidelines, safe water usage, management of the risks that may occur, WHO works on
risk assessments, by checking different households water supply management, this succors them to
acknowledge the provision and its effects on the people in the household. Also, to ensure that the
water is not filled with bacteria or pathogens that may cause infections and diseases. The individual
may have to co-operate, as they may take time to assure the water quality, as it is beneficial for their
own health (Water | WHO | Regional Office for Africa).
Merit (M1)
The most common methods of transmission of infection are physical contact, droplets, with an
infected person or an infected area. Commonly person to person contact has a higher chance of
getting an infection. As people meet each other daily, for example they may shake hands, hug, sit
together which can also transmit Droplets. Factors that transmit diseases such as infectious agent,
the reservoir, these susceptible host.
Physical contact is direct touch transmission of infection. There are several diseases that are spread
through physical contact/skin-to-skin contact such as ringworms are spread from physical touch
(mainly by the children who play together). HIV can be passed through sexual intercourse, kissing.
This disease affects the immune system and damages the cells to fight against the disease, and it is
uncurable. It is shown that over 1.8 million children under 14 are suffering with diseases life HIV, this
can be due to negligence of the parents for allowing them to use such as equipment’s that are
infected/or the child may use it without their appearance, or it can be passed through the infected
mom to the unborn child, or while breastfeeding, or through the infected blood, over 38 million
individuals are suffering through HIV worldwide, this means that people are not valuing and
understanding the fact of personal distance which includes personal equipment’s, as they would
normally use anyone’s equipment, or even perform unprotected sexual contact just for the pleasure
without knowing the fact of that they might be harming their own health, the statics emphasizes
that 690000 people died worldwide with the disease/infection HIV/AIDS in 2019, there are adults
who are not even aware of the infection they are carrying, this might be due to lack of knowing that
they are infected, 44.9% of people are unaware, it is still preventable for the people who uses the
PrEP, this helps them to recover and it is also shown that 99% of HIV infected individual have
prevented through this process, HIV can also be linked to COVID-19 as they both are contagious
diseases and an individual with HIV-positive would initially have increased risk of dying from the
COVID-19 contact. Teenage/young girls are more likely to contact HIV than men, it is shown that girls
from the age of 15 to 24 have been infected with HIV every week. Same sexualities are also more
likely to have HIV, it has a static of 69% that bisexual and Gay men are contacting with HIV in the US.
This can be because of the unprotected sex between the same gender. (47 HIV Statistics & Facts to
Save More Lives in 2022 (loudcloudhealth.com)). These all data represents that they should be
acknowledged as they have higher chance of spreading the disease, because the rate of bisexuality is
increasing through the times, and people are having unprotected sexual contact, that is impacting
the in the increment of the disease, and because of that they are also harming the children, who
may not be directly in fault of it.
Chickenpox is transmissible through direct contact. It causes red spots all over the body, the red
spots turn into blister and then scabs. To protect the individual’s life, they can perform couple of
procedure to prevent themselves from getting harmful disease such as liver/lung disease. They can
follow steps such as, wash hands after contacting other individuals’ hands, even if they have not
touch other hands, they should acknowledge the value of washing hands after touching any object
that may have high risk of germ/bacteria in them for example, surfaces, floor, tables, phone, door
handles in public area, elevators railings. Such assets contain germs that can be harmful too, because
, there can be chance that another individual who have touch that place may have Covid without
knowing themselves, this can spread the infection, and to prevent this, it is important for any
individual to wash their hands, and use sanitizers, this will help because the germs may die as soon
as the individual may wash hands, as the corona particles do not go inside the body as soon as they
contacts the body and the bacteria can be killed after washing hands with disinfectants. Also, one
should avoid touching any infected person even when if it non-communicable, because they may not
have the disease but your contact to a certain area or object, may contain bacteria and this may
transmit and harm them too. The static shows that the cases of chickenpox has been reduced since
the vaccinations developed in 1996, it is reported that it has helped to prevented more than 3.5
million cases every year in US (Chickenpox Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know
(verywellhealth.com)),
Droplets are transferred through the respiratory viruses such as the cough, sneeze, influenza (flu).
When an individual sneeze and cough, the droplets transfer in the air and can be transmitted the
exact moments if there is any individual with the infected person in the room. The inhalation of
those droplets can infect another people too. The germs are found in the saliva. It may also leave the
droplets on tables, door handles, and any item such as clothes, glass, and furniture etc. The
beneficial part is that it can be prevented and is curable if the individual is infected, for example, an
individual has cough and flu, which means he is infected and his droplets in the air may infect
another individual too. But if the infected person wears mask, uses gloves, and use tissue when
sneeze, this may reduce the transmit, and the uninfected person near him should also wear mask
and wash hands after meeting, as there can be chance of air-droplets that may harm, so it is better
to wash hands and use sanitizer.
Factors such as infectious agents (environmental), susceptible host and social factors are the main
factors that contributes to contracting an infection. Such as susceptible host transmits the infections
through varies of genetical, immune system, and pathogenicity. If the genetic and immune system of
an individual are strong enough, this means that either they would have decreased risk levels of
contracting any infection or specifically when they get any harmful infections such as typhoid,
salmonella, they may fight these infections in a fast level (whereas normally if a person may recover
in between 4-6 weeks, the individual with strong immune system or genetics they may recover with
3-4 weeks). Otherwise, lifestyle factors contribute to susceptibility of the host, such as unhealthy
diet for several months, years or days, aging, drugs, smoking, drinking, these factors may create
acids in the body and infect the lungs (by smoking and drinking, drugs may infect the entire body if
taken constantly for longer time).
Environmental factors are the assets that contributes to storing infections on its surfaces and inside
them, such as garbage’s, heating, windows (rain droplets on a dirty window) and pollutions. These
factors affect a person with either touching, such as touching heating, kitchen units and any surface
like tables, consoles etc., and windows. These places (kitchen, doors, garbage’s) have infections such
as parasites, bacteria on countertops, sinks. To prevent these infections to spread people can clean
these surfaces with antiseptic sprays, dispose garbage instantly when they fill (this would help to
decrease the amounts of parasites in the garbage, which may also spread around kitchen on foods,
units and sinks if there is any dishes). In hospitals, they have high risk of developing an infection
between service users and providers. These germs (that causes infection), are created due to foods
left on countertops without being covered (more harmful when kept in warm temperature because
it may get moist and that may create bacteria), cutting boards have the extreme levels of harmful
bacteria on them and it is suggested to use different cutting boards for vegetables and meats. The
statics shows that there are 200% more fecal bacteria on cutting boards than toilet seat, it divides
into multiple bacteria after every 20 minutes and may get millions of them in some hours. People
having gatherings often may also increase the risk of developing infectious agents inside the home,
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