Infection
Implantation and success replication of an organism in the tissue of the
host resulting to signs and symptoms as well as immunologic response.
Carrier
An individual who harbors the organism and is capable of transmitting it to a
susceptible host without showing manifestat...
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASE NURSING
Infection
Implantation and success replication of an organism in the tissue of the
host resulting to signs and symptoms as well as immunologic response.
Carrier
An individual who harbors the organism and is capable of transmitting it to a
susceptible host without showing manifestations of the disease.
Communicable Disease
It is an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxic products that are
transmitted directly or indirectly to a well person through an agency, and a
vector or an inanimate object.
Contact
It is any person or animal who is in close association with an infected
person, animal or freshly soiled materials.
Contagious Disease
It is a term given to a disease that is easily transmitted from one person to
another through direct or indirect means.
Disinfection
It is the destruction of pathogenic microorganism on inanimate objects by
directly applying physical or chemical means.
Concurrent
it is a method of disinfection done immediately after the infected
individual discharges infectious material/secretions.
Method of disinfection when the patient is still the source of infection.
Terminal
It is applied when the patient is no longer the source of infection
This is done after patient is discharged from the hospital to prepare the room for the
next patient.
Habitat
It is a place where an organism lives or where an organism is usually found.
Host
It is a person, animal or plant on which a parasite depends for its survival.
Infectious Disease
It is transmitted not only by ordinary contact but requires direct inoculation of
the organism through a break on the skin or mucous membrane.
Isolation
it is the separation from other persons of an individual suffering from a
communicable disease during the period of communicability.
Quarantine
It is the limitation of freedom of movement of persons or animals which have
been exposed to communicable disease/s for a period of time equivalent to
the longest incubation period of that disease.
Reservoir
It is composed of one of more species of animal or plant in which an infectious
agent lives and multiplies for survival and reproduces itself in such a manner
that it can be transmitted to man.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
It is study of occurrences and disturbance of diseases as well as the distribution
and determinants of health states of events in specified population and
application of this study to the control of health problems.
Foundation of preventing disease
Uses
Study the history of the health population and the rise and fall of disease and changes
in their character.
Diagnose the health of the community
Study the work of health services with a view of improving them
Estimate the risk of disease, accident, defects and the chances of avoiding them.
Complete the clinical picture of chronic disease and describe their history
Epidemiologic Triangle
Consists of three components – host, environment and agent.
Host
Any organism that harbors and provides nourishment for another organism
Agent
Intrinsic property of microorganism to survive and multiply in the environment to
produce disease.
Environment
It is the sum total of all external conditions and influences that affect the
development of an organism which can be:
Biological
Social
Physical
Patterns of Occurrence and Distribution
Sporadic
Intermittent occurrence of a few isolated and unrelated cases in a given locality.
Cases are few and scattered
E.G. Rabies
Endemic
Continuous occurrence throughout a period of time, of the usual number of case in
a given locality.
The disease is therefore always occurring in the locality and the level of
occurrence is more or less constant through a period of time.
Examples:
Schistosomiasis (Leyte & Samar)
Filariasis (Sorsogon)
Malaria (Palawan)
Epidemic (Outbreak)
Unusually large number of cases in a relatively short period of time.
Pandemic
The simultaneous occurrence of epidemic of the same disease in several countries.
E.G. HIV/AIDS and SARS
CHAIN OF INFECTION
1. Causative Agent
Any microbe capable of producing a disease
Bacteria, spirochete, virus, ricketssia, chlamydiae, fungi, protozoa and parasites
2. Reservoir of Infection
Refers to the environment and objects on which an organism survives and multiples
3. Portal of Exit
It is the path or way in which the organism leaves the reservoir.
Common portals of exit:
Respiratory System
Genitourinary Tract
Gastrointestinal Tract
Skin and Mucous Membrane
Placenta
4. Mode of Transmission
It is the means by which the infectious agent passes through from the portal of exit
of the reservoir to the susceptible host.
Easiest link to break the chain of infection
Contact Transmission
Most common mode of transmission.
Direct Contact
Refers to a person to person transfer of organism.
Indirect Contact
Occurs when the susceptible person comes in contact with a contaminated object.
Droplet Spread
It is the transmission through contact with respiratory secretions when the
infected person coughs, sneezes or talks.
Transmission is limited within 3 feet.
Airborne Transmission
Occurs when fine microbial particles or dust particles containing microbes
remain suspended in the air for a prolonged period.
Transmission can be more than 3 feet.
Vehicle Transmission
It is the transmission of infectious disease through articles or substance that
harbor the organism until it is ingested or inoculated into the host.
Vector-borne Transmission
Occurs when intermediate carriers, such as fleas, flies and mosquitoes transfer
the microbes to another living organism.
5. Portal of Entry
It is the venue the organism gains entrance into the susceptible host.
The infective microbes use the same avenues when they exit from the reservoir.
6. Susceptible Host
When the defenses are good, no infection will take place.
However, in weakened host, microbes will launch an infectious disease.
Active
Acquired through recovery from a certain disease
Passive
Acquired through placental transfer
Artificial
Active
Acquired through the administration of vaccine and toxoid
Passive
Acquired through the administration of antitoxin, antiserum, convalescent
serum, and immunoglobulins
Type of Antigen
Inactivated (killed organism)
Not long lasting
Multiple doses needed
Booster dose needed
Attenuated (live, weakened organism)
Single dose needed
Long lasting immunity
ISOLATION
Separation of patients with communicable disease from other so as to prevent or
reduce transmission or infectious agent directly or indirectly.
Categories Recommended in Isolation
Strict Isolation
Prevents highly contagious or virulent infections
Contact Isolation
Prevents the spread of infection primarily by close or direct contact
Respiratory Isolation
Prevents the transmission of infectious diseases over short distance through the air
TB Isolation
For TB patients with positive smear or with chest X-ray which strongly suggests
active tuberculosis.
Enteric Isolation
For infection with direct contact with feces
Reverse/Neutropenic Isolation
An immunocompromised client is separated to prevent contracting infection from
environment.
Standard Precaution
To prevent infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact with
secretions or drainage (except sweat) from another person.
Universal Precaution + Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
Universal Precaution
Intended to prevent parenteral mucous membrane and non-intact skin
exposure of health care workers to blood borne pathogens
Transmission Based Precaution
TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY | 4
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