Exam (elaborations)
CMY2602- All The Notes New /520 Questions And Answers Download To Pass!!!!
- Institution
- CMY2602- All The Notes New 2023-2024
CMY2602- All The Notes New /520 Questions And Answers Download To Pass!!!!
[Show more]
Content preview
CMY2602- All The Notes New 2023-2024 /520Questions And Answers Download To Pass!!!!
Quiz :the key issues surrounding high risk offenders Kemshall (2008:4) -
Answer := difficulties in identifying exactly who are high
risk offenders
= the questions surrounding their risk assessment
= the problems with risk predictions in the future.
= both perceptions and definitions of high risk are dependent on the context
= risk is not a value neutral term as it encapsulates the values and meanings by
those who use it
Quiz :Who are high risk offenders? - Answer :those individuals who have
committed a violent or sexual offence, or who have been assessed as likely to
do so.
offenders likely to offend harmfully against the person, and those committing
sexual offences resulting in physical harm or psychological trauma (Kemshall)
Quiz :three major issues of knowing high risk offenders (Kemshall) - Answer :.
designing and implementing a risk assessment tool capable of reliably and
consistently identifying high risk offenders
. differing interpretations of what constitutes ``high risk'' among practitioners
and sentencers
. establishing sufficient criteria and evidence upon which to base judgements
about the future
Quiz :Risk assessment tools - Answer :the rarer the behaviour of the high risk
offender, the more difficult it is to accurately predict, even though this is just
the type of high risk behaviour that criminal justice personnel are expected to
predict. accuracy of risk assessment tools has also proved to be problematic in
terms of
maintaining long-term reliability.
Quiz :The problem of risk prediction - Answer := difficulty in establishing the
relationship between risk factors and subsequent offending
= Risk factors can have different impacts ± what impacts on one offender does
not necessarily impact on another.
= judgements of risk are open to
bias, stereotyping and interpretation
, Quiz :Criteria and evidence for "dangerousness'' - Answer := there is a
difference between offenders who have no previous convictions or who are
under the age of 18
= a number of complex judgements based on the
interaction of the offender,the circumstances surrounding the offence, the
impact on the victim(s), and a combination of in-depth knowledge of
behaviour, attitudes and motivation are required
= policy, legislation and practice are all conducted ``as if'' we can know them.
Quiz :Deciding on "dangerousness'' for under 18/ no previous offence -
Answer :. must take into account all such information that is available to it
about the nature and circumstances of the offences
. may take into account any information which is before it about any pattern of
behaviour of which the offence forms a part
. may take into account any information about the offender which is before it
Quiz :dangerous offender (Kemshall) - Answer := heterogeneous (or fairly
diverse)
= focused primarily on the sexual and violent offenders
= in particular those offenders who commit sexually violent
and predatory crimes against children
= very flexible, incorporating potential terrorists, asylum
seekers, problem youth, the socially excluded, as well as a wide range of sexual
and violent offences of varying degrees of seriousness.
= "every offender is deemed to present some risk ± the key is to determine the
level of risk and match responses accordingly
Quiz :Criminological and legal approaches to risk and
dangerousness - Answer := an emphasis on a technical understanding of risk,
within which risk and dangerousness are framed as objective phenomena if the
correct measures and tools can be designed.
= resulted in a constant developing in the pursuit of reliable risk assessment
tools to identify dangerous offenders,
= problems in tool use can be understood as arising from
differing conceptualisations of risk rather than as necessarily being due to
practitioners' lack of compliance.
= risk assessment tools see the riskiness of an offender as rooted in the
behaviour and circumstances of that individual.
,= perspective on risk as ``fluid'' or changeable, running along a behavioural
continuum of low to high risk, and triggered by specific circumstances.
= risks are knowable and can be calculated if behaviours and triggers can be
measured against known risk profiles produced by the aggregated data on
risky populations
= Behaviours and triggers are also seen as changeable
Quiz :Psychological framing of high risk offenders and
dangerousness - Answer := views risk and dangerousness as the individual,
inherent traits of the offender
= risk factors are understood as those factors predisposing the individual to
sexual or violent offending.
= result of mental illness or as a result of childhood experiences or family
functioning.
= Psychiatric assessments and treatments often run parallel to psychological
approaches,
Quiz :Sociological understanding of risk and dangerousness -
Answer :Sociological understandings of risk and dangerousness are eclectic,
drawing on a range of theoretical approaches
. Cultural theory
. Governmentality theory
. The social construction of risk and the role of the media
Quiz :Cultural theory of risk and dangerousness - Answer := examines how
some dangers are chosen for attention while others are not
= perspective pays attention to the symbolic and cultural meanings carried by
risk and danger, and the political
rationalities and strategies that underpin them.
Quiz :Governmentality theory of risk and dangerousness - Answer := examine
risk in the context of surveillance, discipline, and regulation of populations
= concepts of risk construct certain norms of behaviour which are used to
encourage individuals to engage voluntarily in selfregulation
= ``responsibilisation''
= New techniques of surveillance linked by governmentality theorists to social
regulation.
Quiz :responsibilisation - Answer :is essentially a mechanism of social
regulation in which
, individuals are made responsible for their own actions, including their own
risks, and for their own self-risk management.
Quiz :The social construction of risk and the role of the media - Answer :=
perceptions of risk and how risks and dangers are selected for importance and
attention is significant;
= contrast between the media, political and public attention given to children
abducted and killed by strangers, and the number of children killed per year by
a parent.
= media shape issues, drawing the attention of the public and political figures
= provide a frame of reference against which we measure our own experiences
= ``champion'' causes, validate causes and experiences, demonise particular
groups and popularise new fears, risk and dangers.
= can also help to find solutions (or inhibit them),
= mobilise activists and enable or prompt policymakers into action.
= Garland--- "collective and institutionalised crime consciousness''
Quiz :Risk assessment - Answer := postulated by Siegel and Bartollas: risk
assessment is used to allocate inmates to high, medium and low risk
categories.
= Treatment effectiveness is thought to be maximised by matching inmate
needs with the proper treatment modality, that is, offender "responsivity'' or
offender treatability
= demands a methodical evaluation, analysis and assessment of criminal
behaviour in order to determine an offender's risk of escaping, absconding,
bullying behaviour (or own vulnerability), and dangerousness. (Hesselink-
Louw)
= risk of recidivating or causing harm to the public, known
individuals, staff, or the self is included here.
= Risk assessment can be applied in order to assist with inmate classification,
offender management strategies, therapeutic interventions, parole decision
making, community supervision and the sentencing of offenders.
Quiz :Actuarial scales or instruments - Answer :standardised, objective risk or
needs instruments that have been developed through extensive research. are
quantifiable measures of ``criminogenic'' risks and needs, and are linear in
nature. the higher a person scores on the instrument, the greater the
individual's presumed susceptibility for criminal or antisocial behaviour in the
future.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller HELLENAH. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £9.38. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
79079 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy revision notes and other study material for 14 years now