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Summarize for all first 11 chapters in biology olevel syllabus
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Chapter 1: Cell StructureCell: it is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Tissue: group of cells that are similar in structure and function .
Organ: Group of different tissues working together to perform specific functions.
Chapter 2: Movement of Molecules
Diffusion: it is the net movement of molecules from the region of high concentration to
the region of low concentration down the concentration gradient . it is a passive
process.
Active Transport: it is the net movement of molecules from the region of low
concentration to the region of high concentration against the concentration gradient
through protein carriers,it is an active process using energy from respiration.
Osmosis: it is the movement of water molecules from high water potential to low water
potential down water potential gradient through a partially permeable membrane.
Chapter 3: Enzymes
Enzyme: a protein that acts as a biological catalyst.
Catalyst: a chemical that speeds up the chemical reaction without being used up or
chemically changed.
Chapter 4:Characteristics of living organisms
Nutrition: obtaining organic substances and mineral ions needed to get energy and raw
materials needed for growth and tissue repair.
Autotrophic nutrition: organisms that make their own organic food from inorganic
materials.
Heterotrophic Nutrition: organisms obtaining food from other organisms.
Aerobic Respiration: it is the release of energy from breaking down carbohydrates
inside the living cells in the presence of oxygen.
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