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glomerular structure and function lecture notes

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includes: functions of the urinary systems, kidney structure, nephron structure and types, gomerular filtration and regulation, kidney failure, kidney disease, causes of renal failure, stages of kidney disease, clinical manifestations

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  • December 21, 2023
  • 6
  • 2020/2021
  • Lecture notes
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Friday, 05/11/2021
Week 6, Lecture
Glomerular Structure and Function
Functions of the urinary systems
 Maintain water balance
 Maintains salt balance
 Maintains blood pH
 Excretion of metabolic waste products
 Also has other functions
o Blood glucose regulation
 Glucose re-uptake
 Gluconeogenesis
 Produces glucose from non-carbohydrates
o Endocrine gland
 Renin
 Regulates bp and kidney function
 Erythropoietin
 Stimulates production of RBC
o Metabolises vitamin D
 Makes active
Regions of the urinary system
 Kidneys
o Right kidney lower than left kidney to accommodate the liver
 Renal artery
o Blood filtrated
 Renal vein
o Filtrated
 Bladder
Kidney structure
 Protected by 2 layers of connective tissue
 Fat capsule to cushion the kidneys
o Drop in position after a period of starvation due to loss of fat
 Renal cortex
o Outside layer
 Renal medulla
o Inside of the kidney
o Look like pyramids
o Kidney divided into lobes
 Renal artery
o Brings in the blood full of waste
 Nephrons
o Filtrate the blood
 Renal vein
o Moves blood out of the kidney
o Clean blood
 Ureter
o Removes waste as urine
 Nephron structure

, 2
Friday, 05/11/2021
Week 6, Lecture
 Comes in through the artery
o Afferent arterioles
 Bowman’s Capsule
 Glomerulus
 Proximal convoluted tubule
 Loop of Henle
 Distal convoluted tubule
 Collecting duct
 Urine
Nephron types
 Cortical nephron
o 85% of nephrons
 Juxtamedullary nephrons
o Structurally the same
Nephron structure
 Bowman’s capsule
o Two layers
o Important to allow for the filtration to happen
o Epithelial cell line
 Basement membrane
o If you have a problem with this there may be blood in the urine
 Filtration starts there and then move on tubule cells
o Important for absorption
o Reabsorb water and glucose
o Increased surface area
o Mas many mitochondria
o Also important for secretion
o Less absorption and secretion further to the end of this
 Collecting duct
o Principle cells
o Intercalated cells
Nephron capillary beds
 Artery carries oxygen
 Moves through capillary bed
 Goes through venules to vein
 Kidneys have a portal system
o Renal artery
o Afferent arterioles
o Capillary bed
o Branch in to become an efferent arteriole
o Capillary bed
o Veins
o Renal vein
o Rena cava
Urine formation
 Glomerular filtration

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