Controlling the people 1918-89
- Forced to rely on the army/freikorps to control extremist
Attempts to control extremism 1918-32 threats
- Lack of reform undergone by institutions created biases and
Nature of opposition to gov’t imbalance control
- L-wing believed Weimar wasn’t radical enough → e.g. the judiciary and army’s leniency towards the Kapp putsch
- R-wing believed wanted a strong authoritative gov’t and lack of action taken to prevent the uprising
- Weimar est. basic rights that gave ppl the freedom of speech - Overlapping power of the Chancellor and the President created
and the freedom of press confusion
- Important for the gov’t to prove that it was stable, esp after - Overuse of Article 48 made President an ersatzkaiser
WWI and the Kaiser’s rule
Censorship, repression and propaganda 1933-45
Making concessions
- Ebert-Groener Pact Nov 1918 - mutual agreement of support Media
between the gov’t and the army and allowed the army to shut Radio
down the L-wing threat - All broadcasting was under Nazi control
- Stinnes-Legien Agreement - ensured that industry wasn’t - 70% German homes had the ‘People’s receiver’ - cheap radio
nationalised → key to preventing a Marxist revolution - Public places had to broadcast the radio
- ‘Radio wardens’ were allocated to towns and co-ordinated
Regional disruption gathering to listen to the radio
- Varying degrees of control between each Lander - Success? - everyone had to listen to the radio
- Weimar constitution was not adopted at the same time in
Press
each Lander → Thuringia didn’t hold elections until June
- Before - each region had strong regional attachments to the
1920
newspaper issued there
- Red Bavaria - example of Lander independence from gov’t - Nazi publishing house Eher Verlag bought papers from each
- Freikorps had to be used to restore order in regions defying the
region → controlled ⅔ press by 1939
constitution
- Threatened to remove state gov’t if they didn’t follow the - New agencies merged into one to form the DNB → vetted
Weimar system all news material
- Propaganda ministry held daily press conferences to provide
Imbalanced control guidance on editorial policy
, Controlling the people 1918-89
- Editor’s Law 1933 - newspaper content had to be controlled by Literature
the editor - >2500 writers left 1933-45, e.g. Thomas Mann
- Success? - not many ppl frequently read the paper due to bland - Less literary group rose that accepted the regime
journalism - Encouraged classic literature, e.g. Shakespeare
Cinema
Berlin Olympics - Cinematic reputation from Weimar maintained
- Intention: glorify the regime and spread Nazi ideological - Major film studios were in the hands of nat’lists, e.g. Goebbels
themes in a positive light - Jewish actors and directors fled Germany, e.g. Marlene
- 42m Reichsmarks spent on Olympic sports complex and Dietrich
stadium - Genres: overt propaganda, pure escapism, emotive nat’lism
- Broadcasted the Olympics on radio in 28 languages
- 4-hr documentary film made - Olympia Visual arts
- Tv broadcasts reached 150,000 ppl in 28 public tv rooms in - Rejected Weimar art and Bauhaus → burnt in a fire
Berlin - Anything modern was rejected
- Reinforced the Aryan ideal w/ athletes - Held 2 contrasting exhibitions: Weimar’s ‘degenerate’ art and
- Germany finished first w/ 89 medals Nazi ‘great German’ art
- Glorified volksgemeinschaft, classic styles and romanticism
Nazi ritual - Disliked non-representational/abstract art
- Heil Hitler greeting
- Horst Wessel anthem The police state
- Militaristic uniforms
- Public festivals commemorated historic days in the Nazi Himmler and the SS
calender - 1933 - SS m/ship = 52,000
- Efforts to reform customs never transcended society - Himmler created the SD in 1931 as an internal party security
police
Culture - All party and state police organisations were overseen by
Music Himmler as part of the RSHA
- Encouraged classical music and classical german musicians, - Functions: policing, intelligence, treatment of opponents and
e.g. Bach and Beethoven military action of Waffen SS
- Most music was banned - jazz and dance-band labelled as
‘negroid’ and ‘decadent’ Policing by the Gestapo and Kripo
- Jewish composers banned - Kripo - maintained general law and order, e.g. dealing w/
thieves and asocials
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anekaogden. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £5.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
