, APPENDICES A AND B
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Synopsis
On the recommendation of reviewers, the two sections on statistics are included as
appendices. This organizational decision allows the integration of statistical material at various
times within a course on methods. It also permits greater flexibility for instructors, who may
want to either concentrate on conceptual, experimental design issues or accompany each section
with a statistical component. To aid instructors who wish to exercise the latter option, a brief
outline of Appendices A and B, along with a list of terms and sample examination questions, are
provided below.
Outline
APPENDIX A: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: TELLING IT LIKE IT IS
Central Tendency
Measures of Dispersion: Variability in Data
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Correlation Coefficient
Box A-1: Computing Pearson r
Box A-2: Calculation of r by SPSS Software and Excel
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
APPENDIX B: INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
STATISTICAL REASONING
Sampling
Box B-1: Statistical Notation
The Distribution of Sample Means
The Standard Error of the Mean
Testing Hypotheses
Testing Hypotheses: Parameters Known
Tests for Differences Between Two Groups
Box B-2: Calculation of a Mann-Whitney U Test
Box B-3: Calculation of the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test
Box B-4: Calculation of a Between-Subjects t Test
Box B-5: Calculation of a Within-Subjects t Test
Magnitude of Effect
The Analysis of Variance
Simple ANOVA
Box B-6: Computing Simple ANOVA: One Variable Between Subjects
Box B-7: Within-Subjects (Treatment x Subjects) ANOVA: One Variable
Multifactor ANOVA
Box B-8: Calculation of a 2 x 2 ANOVA
Box B-9: Factorial ANOVA with Repeated Measures (Within-Subjects): A
227
, Treatment x Treatment x Subjects Design
2 Test for Independence
Box B-10: Calculation for 2 for the Data in Table B-5
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
New to This Edition
• Updated Examples: In Appendix B: Inferential Statistics, the definition of population has been
modified a bit. The language on statistical significance has been changed slightly to provide a
consistent definition of the meaning of a p-value (i.e. the likelihood of obtaining the results if the
null hypothesis is true). In the discussion on power, a sentence was added to state that more
reliable measurements lead to more power. The discussion on effect sizes now includes a
statement that effect sizes are now required or highly recommended by many publishers.
List of Key Concepts
alpha level nondirectional test
analysis of variance nonparametric tests
between-groups variance normal curve
biased sample null hypothesis
central tendency one-tailed test
correlation Pearson r
degrees of freedom parameters
descriptive statistics parametric tests
directional test populations
dispersion power of a test
distribution of sample means random sample
experimental hypothesis range
F-test reliability
frequency distribution robust tests
frequency polygon sample
histogram sign test
homogeneity of variance simple (one way) ANOVA
inferential statistics standard deviation
inflection point standard error of the mean
interaction effect statistics
level of confidence t-test
magnitude of effect two-tailed test
main effect type-I error
Mann-Whitney U test type-II error
mean variance
median Wilcoxon signed ranks test
mode within-groups variance
multifactor analysis of variance z-score (standard score)
228
, TESTBANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The ____ is the sum of all scores divided by the number of scores.
a. median
b. mean
c. mode
d. deviation
e. average
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Descriptive Statistics: Telling It Like It Is
2. The ____ divides a distribution in half.
a. range
b. mean
c. mode
d. median
e. dispersion
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Descriptive Statistics: Telling It Like It Is
3. The median is:
a. the arithmetic average
b. the middle score
c. the range
d. the most common score
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Descriptive Statistics: Telling It Like It Is
4. An advantage of the median over the mean is that the median is:
a. easier to calculate
b. more sensitive to each of the sample scores
c. a measure of dispersion
d. less influenced by extreme scores
e. often found between the limits of a score
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Descriptive Statistics: Telling It Like It Is
5. The mode is:
a. the arithmetic average
b. the middle score
c. the most frequent score
d. the least frequent score
e. the standard score
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Descriptive Statistics: Telling It Like It Is
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