Lecture notes
Complete lecture notes Introduction to Linguistics (PL1LING1)
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- University Of Reading (UoR)
Complete, concise and accurate lecture notes summarising the key content from Introduction to Linguistics
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14/01/2021 PL1LING1 – Lecture 1 introductionLanguage as symbolic (arbitrary sign/signifier relation)
Language as encoding displacement (can discuss hypotheticals/the past)
Language as productive (can produce original utterances)
Language as universal (acquired cross culturally without instruction)
Linguistic competence (produce/comprehend) vs linguistic performance – (applying knowledge)
Grammar – internalised/unconscious rules that enable linguistic competence
Descriptive (non-judgemental) vs prescriptive (normative)
UG – biologically endowed language faculty of the shared parameters of all languages/grammars
Developmental Language Disorder (previously called Specific Language Impairment)
Failure to develop language normally (comprehension/production) but displaying no non-linguistic
(e.g., neural/physiological/intellectual) impairments
Characterised by limited vocab, difficulty finding/producing words, difficulty repeating nonsense
words, difficulty using conjunctions/auxiliaries
Mental lexicon – info stored on a word’s sound/meaning/spelling/grammatical class etc.
21/01/2021 PL1LING1 – Lecture 2 morphology
Determiners
Definite & indefinite articles (a/the)
Deictic articles (this/these) & possessive determiners (my/her)
Wh-question words (which/whose)
Quantifiers (every/some) & numerals (one/two)
Prepositions – encode spatial/causal relationships
Conjunctions vs complementisers
, Equal clauses (and/but/nor) vs subordinating clauses (if/whether/before)
Tense – infinitive marker ‘to’
Auxiliaries (have/be + other verbs) & modals (will/can/would)
Inflectional suffixes mark tense/possession/gender but don’t change syntactical category
English has 8 inflectional suffixes unlike highly inflected Romance languages (Spanish/French/Italian)
3rd person singular -s, -ed, -en, present participle, plural -s, possessive –‘s, comparative, superlative
CLA = all grammatical classes appear in early speech but a noun bias is present
Bates et al. (1994) = a child’s 50 word vocab is 40% nouns <10% function words, verbs etc.
Noun bias in many languages (Hebrew/French) but debate if there is verb bias (Korean/Chinese)
29/01/2021 PL1LING1 – Lecture 3 tree diagrams
Inflection Derivation
No category change Often changes category
Marks tense/gender etc. Changes meaning & can derive new words
Only 8 in English Added to a root or stem
Derivational morphemes follow morphological rules e.g.,
Play + ful noun + ful = adjective
Play + ful + ly noun + ful + ly = adverb
Not all derivational morphemes change categories e.g.,
Prefixes a-, ex-, re- Pink + ish = still adjective Human + ity = still noun
Hierarchical morphology can be represented by tree diagrams
Tree diagrams can be used for ambiguity where meaning is created in structure order
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