Self-construal = self-definition in relation to others
Independent Interdependent
Western Eastern
Inward focus Social focus
Distinction between self & others Close relationships help define self
‘Who am I?’ exercise measures if identity is described by an absence or in relation to others
Slower RTs when Ps were asked to me a me/not me decision on traits overlapping between
themselves & their partner (Aron et al., 1991) & their best friend (Mashek et al., 2003)
Self-construal cultural differences = Canadians recalled stories of when they were embarrassed in
the first person perspective vs third person perspective for Asian students (Cohen & Gunz, 2002)
Western orientation can induce an independent self-construal = ‘Who am I?’ test to different groups
Self-construal gender differences = women as more interdependent (seen across cultures)
When women are asked to pick photos representing them = pick photos with other people in them
Media – presents women as more nurturing & men as more independent
, Parenting – daughters socialised to be more in touch with their emotions
Friendships – segregated playtime groups with different activities (e.g. playing house vs sport)
Self-awareness = objective awareness of self’s traits, feeling & behaviours
Develops at 18 months = spot on nose & mirror experiment (Lewis & Brooks, 1978)
Public self-awareness = presenting, being filmed – conformity, fear of negative evaluation
Private self-awareness = reflection, looking in a mirror – intensifies emotions, leads to clarification of
knowledge (reporting more accurate results e.g. in a placebo trial)
Self-esteem = intrinsic self-evaluation of worth
Trait SE = enduring & fairly stable across adulthood
State SE = situational & more dynamic
18/10/2021 PY2SID – Lecture 3 attitudes
Our attitudes (evaluations) differ in valence (positivity or negativity) & strength
Directly form attitudes via mere exposure effect & conditioning
Indirectly form attitudes via SLT & self-perception theory (infer beliefs from your own behaviour)
Directly measure attitudes via self-reports & indirectly measure them via physiological measures
(facial expression EMG) & associative tests (‘automatic’ attitudes)
Implicit Association Test
2/3rds of white respondents showed moderate to extreme intergroup bias against black faces
Considered a reliable way to measure socially undesirable attitudes
May not show ‘true’ attitudes but cultural knowledge/exposure/stereotypes
Affected by cognitive abilities – slower processing means you may be labelled more biased
Attitudes do not necessarily predict behaviours well
Chinese couple visited 250 establishments & were refused service from only one but six months later
when a questionnaire was sent to all the establishments, 92% said they would refuse service to
Chinese people – discrepancies between attitudes & actual behaviour (LaPiere, 1934)
Attitudes – what do I believe?
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