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Complete lecture notes Development across the Lifespan (PY2DAL)
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- University Of Reading (UoR)
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27/09/2021 PY2DAL – Lecture 1 perceptual developmentDevelopmental RM: Preferential looking paradigm, infant eye tracking, EEG visual evoked potentials
Vision in infants
1 month – blink if an object is moving towards their face
2 months – can only see 30cm away from face clearly
3 months – recognise that images are seen through two eyes (binocular depth cues)
4 months – distinguish characteristics like colour/shape/texture
6 months – adult level of vision reached (visual acuity – can discriminate details)
2 years – size concept misunderstanding leads to scale errors with miniature items used incorrectly
Touch in infants
Somatosensory receptors in the skin are sensitive to pressure, temperature, pain, social touch etc.
Taste in infants
Gustatory receptors in the mouth sensitive to sweet, salty, bitter, sour & umami flavours
Sweet/salty detected at birth & by 3-4 months all tastes are present
Pre (last trimester) & post (breastfeeding) natal exposure to carrot juice consumed by the mother
led to a preference of carrot cereal in infants at 5-6 months
Smell in infants
Olfactory receptors in the nose are linked to the limbic system (emotional regulation)
6/7 month olds looked at a sad woman for longer when an odour was associated vs when not
Hearing in infants
Last 10-12 weeks of pregnancy – able to hear voices
Birth preference – voices instead of tones & 3 days old – turn towards a sound
Development of categorisation
3/4 months – infants can categorise based on perceptual (observable properties) similarities
, Testing categorisation with preferential looking paradigms
Training conditions – pairing pictures of cats together till habituated
Testing conditions – pairing picture of cat & a dog – look at new dog for longer
06/10/2021 PY2DAL – Lecture 2 language development
Explaining the vocabulary spurt at 12-18 months
Segmentation (Plumett, 1993)
Vocabulary spurt linked to solution of speech segmentation problem through researching target
lexemes, undershooting (e.g. -ory) and overshooting (e.g. gimme)
Categorisation (Gopnik and Melltzoff, 1987)
Vocabulary spurt linked to emergence of advanced object sorting skills
Grammatical development
Brown (1973) – MLU as measuring syntactic development in stages
Children as more likely to make errors of omission than commission
U shaped learning for overgeneralisation
Explanations of grammatical development
Behaviourist – experiences, imitation, reinforcement, moulding, ‘blank state’
Nativist – biological, LAD, UG, innateness, poverty of stimulus
13/10/2021 PY2DAL - Lecture 3 Piagetian development
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development – self regulated exploration where schemas mature
Domain general, constructivist, biologically driven
‘Grand stage theory’ – holistic development stages with a constant order
Schemas
Assimilation – applying a schema to a newly encountered environment
Accommodation – altering schema to fit new/contradictory information
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