Essay
A Level Sociology AQA Families and Households Essay Plans
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- AQA
These are the essay plans that I memorised in order to help me get an A*.
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COUPLES – DOMESTIC DIVISION OF LABOURFunctionalism:
- Parsons instrumental (men) and expressive (women) roles.
- Roles based on biological diffs
- AO3: Young and Willmott argue there are a greater number of men
taking on domestic tasks.
Bott :
- Joint conjugal roles
- Separated conjugal roles
Young and Willmot : symmetrical family = similar roles
COUPLES – RESOURCES AND DECISION-MAKING
Money management:
- Pahl and Vogler argue that allowance and pooling is most common.
Decision-Making:
- Hardill studied 30 dual-career professional couples and found that
important decisions made by male alone or jointly.
- Edgell argues that very important decisions made by man alone,
important decisions made by both will male final decision and less
important made by female.
- AO3: Laurie and Gershuny, 1955 70% of couples said they had an equal
say in decisions.
Personal-Life Perspective on Money:
- Meanings given to who control money are different, some relationships
see unequal balance of control as inequality.
- Smart says gays attach no importance to who controls the money =
more freedom.
- Weeks found that most popular is co-independence, pooling and
separate accounts.
,COUPLES – DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Official Statistics:
- Understate true extent of domestic violence.
- Unwilling to report and record.
- Cheal says police make ssumptiuons such as that the family is a private
sphere and that individuals are free agent.
Feminist:
- Millett and Firestone say men are the enemy.
- Widespread DV is an inevitable feature of patriarchal society and serves
to preserve the power all men have. (Dobash and Dobash)
- AO3: Doesn’t explain female violence e.g child abuse.
- AO3: CSEW found that 18% of men have experienced DV.
Material:
- Wilkinson and Pickett found that domestic violence results rom stress.
- AO3: Does not explain why women are abusers.
COUPLES – PROGRESS TO EQUALITY
PEELE 1 : MARCH OF PROGRESS VIEW
P – Women going out to work is leading to a more equal division of labour
E – Gershuny argues that women working full-time is leading to a more equal
division of labour in the home.
E – Sullivan found a trend towards women doing a smaller share of housework.
L–
E–
PEELE 2: FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
P – Women going into paid work has not led to greater equality in the division
of labour.
, E – There is little sign of the ‘new man’ who takes up an equal share of
housework, women now carry a ‘dual burden’.
E – BSA 2012 = WOMEN DO TWICE AS MUCH HOUSEWORK AS MEN.
- Dunscombe and Marsden – triple shift (dual burden, domestic and
emotional)
L–
E–
PEELE 3: CHILDCARE
P – Mothers and Fathers do not have equal experiences with their children.
E – Boulton says that fathers help by performing specific childcare tasks lile
playing with the children but the mother has the responsibility of the child’s
security and well-being.
E – Dex and Ward say that 78% of fathers played with their children whilst only
1% took care of their child when they were sick.
L–
E–
PEELE 4 : MATERIAL CAUSES
P – Equality will be achieved when women earn equal pay as they earn less, it
is rational for them to do more housework.
E – Kan found that for every £10,000/year more a woman earns she does 2
hours less housework per week.
E – Arber and Ginn argue that better paid middle-class women were able to
buy commercially products and services such as labour-saving devices, ready
meals, domestic help and childcare).
L–
E – Women continue to earn less than men. Crompton – no immediate
prospect of qual division of labour if it depends on economic equality.
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