Summary
Summary Mumbai case study (GSCE geography)
Mumbai case study: -General information (population changes, structure, geographical models...) -Facts and figures -GSCE Geography revision notes
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Geography: MumbaiCase study:
Site of Mumbai:
- West coast of India on a peninsula
- Maharashtra is India’s richest state (in Mumbai)
- Next to deep water estuary of the river Ulnas
-
Mumbai’s situation:
Nationally it’s deep water harbor has allowed large container ships to access Mumbai
As India’s second largest port it allows key trade for many factory industries in India
Regionally Mumbai’s location makes it nearer to Europe via the Suez Canal compared
to other India ports. Internationally it’s location allows clear trading marker for both
the Middle East and Southeast Asia
- By air Mumbai’s situation means that it’s international airport handles 35 million
passengers a year. Most after Indian cities are within 2 hours of flight.
Structure of Mumbai:
- There is a generalised structure of a city where residential areas are linked to cost
and availability of land and factories are found on main transport arteries
- Mumbai is built around a harbour so the CBD on the southern tip. Some industry are
near the port and some has moved to cheaper land on the edge of the city as near
the ports the land is really expensive
- Slums in Mumbai are found near railways and roads as this is available land in a
densely populated area
- Wealthy suburbs are all near inner city areas along the harbour or coastal
waterfronts close to the CBD
- Middle low income areas are in older parts of the city on the island further from the
CBD
- Low income groups live in chawls- low quality multi storey buildings. 80% of these
homes are single rooms
- The poorest 60% of people live in informal housing, most are shacks on the outskirts
far from work in the centre
- There are therefore thousands of people living on the streets of Mumbai
The SPATIAL GROWTH OF MUMBAI : (spatial growth meaning how much extra space it
takes up as it grows)
- City centre. Oldest part-CBD. Lots of TNCs like Microsoft India, Tata. Old textile mills
have also been redeveloped and very expensive housing and retail. Very active port
as southern tip of peninsula- 25000 slums here
- Inner suburbs. Used to house textile mill workers, still has slums like Dharavi
- Outer suburbs. Developed alongside railways and are commuter areas like from
Navi Mumbai. New industry has developed in these areas. Navi Mumbai=planned as
low density lower price to aim for better quality of life with less congestion.
Industries located to cheaper land due to expansion space and cheaper land and
workforce living there
- Urban/rural fringe. Often where it is not suitable to build so remains rural and is
cheap. Most migrants first go there. E.g marshland
Changes in Mumbai’s population growth:
- Since 2000 and 2020, population has significantly increased. Population in Mumbai
in 2020 was around 21 million.
- Theoretically this should go down due to the lack of space for development
- However, Mumbai continues to experience hyper urbanisation
, - Mumbai is predicted to be the world’s most populous city by 2050.
Reasons:
- Rates of natural increase
- National and International Migration
1950s- past growth in Mumbai centred around the port to the south of the city
- The area around the port then became industrialised as imports and exports grew,
attracting people to work.
- A variety of services grew around the port and the growth increased after the end of
the British rule in 1947.
1997-2000s
- The boom in Mumbai’s population was fuelled mainly by migration especially rural to
urban migration from regions around Mumbai. Growth was mainly suburban.
2001-2011 Population grew to 3.4 million
- Overall growth due to 1/2 migration 1/2 natural increase
- Migration growth most dominant in suburbs (3/4) and mainly in areas like
Maharashtra
2011-2021
- Expected continued growth rate prior to 2021 census
- Impact of Covid- loss of jobs argued to have forced some to return to the
countryside
Learn push and pull factors of Mumbai driving urban to rural migration
How population growth has affected Mumbai’s land use:
Pattern of spatial growth:
- With increasing population Mumbai has expanded in size
- New suburbs are built like Navi Mumbai to lessen congestion and create new
residential and industrial areas that are cheaper. 1.5 million people in 2021 live
there (mostly middle class)
- Slums are increasingly dominant- 60% of population live in slum suburbs
Changing Investment and Land use:
- Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and investment has grown increasing
employment rapidly especially in:
- Services
- Manufacturing
- Construction
- Entertainment and Leisure
Growth in financial services , leisure and entertainment has put pressure on land in
the CBD making Mumbai one of the world’s most expensive cities, many
manufacturers needing large amounts of land are moving out, for example Audi car
factories are in Aurangabad, 300 km away
Key places in relation to spatial growth:
- Adjacent to the commercial sector in India’s largest slum , known as Dharavi
- Nariman point is the hub of economic and financial activity, Mumbai’s docklands
compromise the largest port in the entire subcontinent and handle over 25% of
India’s international trade. (In south peninsula)
Limited space due to the geography of Mumbai:
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