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  2.  
  3. PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  5. Psychology 2015
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  7. Unit 4 - Learning theories

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Summary classic study for learning theories
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thorough description and evaluation of Watson & Rayner (1921) Little Albert study in terms of Aims, Procedures, Results & Conclusions (APRC) and (SCOUT) for evaluation key terminology in bold / highlighted

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  • January 4, 2024
  • 5
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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Boys reinforced for playing with gender appropriate toys and punished for playing

with dolls

=gender role behaviour is learned from environment

Margaret Mead (1935): 3 tribes in Papua New Guinea =significant differences in

gender roles

Arapesh: both men + women peaceful + avoided warfare

Mundugumor: both M+F warlike

Tchambuli: men decorated themselves and women worked

=role of observational learning in gender development

SIL can’t account for cognitive influences on gender development like preparedness

to imitate role model

Cultural differences + similarities in gender behaviours = influence of biology /

genetics




CLASSIC STUDY

WATSON and RAYNER (1920) Little Albert: CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL

REACTIONS

Aim: if classical conditioning works on humans

If fear response can be conditioned into 9-month old baby boy and generalised to

other animals + objects and how long conditioning lasts


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, IV: before conditioning compared to after conditioning

Presented with white rat compared to presented with white, fluffy animals/ objects


Repeated measures design: studies Albert before + after conditioning with rat +other

stimuli (experiencing every conditioning)

DV: n. of fearful behaviors when Albert presented with stimuli

Sample: 1 baby boy aged 9-months at start and 11 at conditioning

His mother was paid 1$ (opportunity)

Procedure: 9-months tested with white rat, rabbit, cotton wool= no fear reaction

(NS)

Banged iron bar= cried (UCR) at loud noise (UCS)

11-months: shown rat 7x paired with striking iron bar = Albert shocked

1 week later: conditioned again

rat presented alone = Albert whimpered

Rat paired with noise 2x again

Rat presented alone = cried

NS now CS = crying is CR

After 10 d: whimpered to rat

Leaned away + cried to rabbit

Crawled away + cried when Santa mask + dog approached =generalisation of

response


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