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JIM CROW ERA ESSAYS

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Revision materials includes written essays to all the sample questions and from the core textbook, with some additional essays and source questions. I got an A* in the new spec last year by writing these essays and the learning the points and examples; both the essays I answered, I had written for...

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  • April 8, 2018
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JIM CROW—1883–C1900

● Impact of the Civil Rights Cases 1883 in the Supreme Court.

How far did the spread of the Jim crow laws between 1883 and 1900 undermine the civil and politcal rights of black
Americans?
● To what extent did Jim Crow Laws, introduced between 1887 and 1900, turn black Americans into second-class
citiens across the nnited itates?
Jim Crow laws, that began to be most signifiantll enforied afer the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 were laws posited bl
southern state legislatures that legalised segregaton and disenfranihised blaiks and undermine the iivil and politial rights
of blaik Ameriians. Though this was not just the responsibilitl of Jim Crow laws as it was iompounded bl de faito
segregaton and violenie, it was most responsible for undermining the rights of blaiks between 1883 and 1900.

Jim Crow laws enforied legal segregaton aiross the south. Using the power the state legislatures iontrol with regard to
votng, eduiaton, transportaton and law enforiement, Southern states introduied and sustained disiriminatorl praities
through laws that enshrined soiial divisions into law. From 1883 onwards, Southern states and iites passed laws that
insisted upon the separaton of the raies un trains, streetiars, statons, theatres, ihurihes, parks, sihools, restaurants, and
iemeteries and though enforied under the separate but equal doitrine it led to signifiant inequalitl beiause blaik provision
was far inferior to white provision, undermining the positon of blaiks in soiietl. Thel were widespread, with the 1887
Florida law segregatng railroad iars spreading to Mississippi, Texas, louisiana, Alabama, Kentuikl, Arkansas and Georgia bl
1891. Blaik aiiommodatonists, suih as Booker T Washington and supporters of his Atlanta Compromise did not ionsider
segregaton to signifiantll reduie iivil and politial rights and to take advantage of the eionomii opportunites through the
development of blaik eduiatonal and voiatonal skills. However, suih opinion was not representatve of the blaik
populaton, whose opportunites were thwarted bl separate faiilites, suih as sihools, whiih were not equal. Consequentll,
the Jim Crow laws went far in undermining iivil and politial rights of blaik Ameriians.

However, Jim Crow laws were not enforied in all states, limitng the extent to whiih thel undermined the iivil and politial
rights of blaik Ameriians. It was not untl 1900, for example, that a non Confederate state posited a law segregatng
transportaton in Marlland. Indeed, some states banned raiial segregaton. In Miihigan it had been illegal sinie 1867 and
states suih as Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, and Vermont similarll either had no laws, barred segregaton or had overturned
them bl 1883, as with Pennsllvania. Nevertheless, all the Confederate states segregated transport bl 1899 when Virginia
introduied legal segregaton on railwal travel and not onll did the majoritl of states, approximatell 36 enforie some Jim
Crow laws, but the states in the South during this period where blaiks were most ionientrated were where thel were most
prevalent. As a result, the extent to whiih thel undermined the iivil and politial rights of blaik Ameriians in this wal is verl
far.

Jim Crow laws were a vehiile for politial disiriminaton and greatll reduied the politial representaton and rights of blaik
Ameriians. Blaik Southerners were disenfranihised through measures that restriited representaton, suih as poll taxes and
literail tests. Though the frst poll tax was introduied in 1971, afer the 1890 Mississippi ionsttuton, bringing in both suih
measures was ratfed, it spread signifiantll aiross not just the South but manl other states, too. The impait of suih
measures was verl signifiant, reduiing the proporton of registered voters that were blaik to 6% from 65%. Further, the
impait on blaik representaton was augmented bl other legal measures suih as raiial gerrlmandering. This was used for
example in South Carolina’s so-ialled shoestring distriit, whiih put the majoritl of blaik voters in one single distriit and
grandfather ilauses inireased white representaton, further reduiing the proporton of the blaik vote. Overall, aiross the
south the blaik turnout reduied 65%. As a result, the politial rights of blaik Ameriians were undermined through Jim Crow
Laws and it had further politial impliiatons in poliil making beiause of their underrepresentaton.

However, the limited politial rights iannot be solell atributed to the impait of Jim Crow laws beiause de faito segregaton,
fraud, and the violenie of white resistanie groups similarll worked to reduie the politial rights of blaiks. Fraud was used in
the state administraton to prevent blaiks from registering. For example, white mississippi votng ofiials maintained that
mules ate to ballot papers from blaik-majoritl iountes, further reduiing the alreadl disadvantaged eleitorate. White
violenie and intmidaton had alwals suppressed blaik turnout being half the white turnout before the introduiton of Jim
Crow laws and it was used against white iandidates too, espeiialll thwartng republiian organisaton. Combined with white
primaries, an example of de faito segregaton as the Partl is an independent organisaton, this meant that it was almost

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