AQA (A-Level Sociology) - Education
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1. Middle-Class (m/c) Are non-manual occupations, which includes profes-
sionals, such as doctors, teachers, managers, 'white
collar' office workers, owners of businesses.
2. Working-Class (w/c) Are manual occupations, which includes skilled
workers, such as plumbers, semi-skilled workers,
such as lorry drivers, and unskilled or routine work-
ers, such as cleaners.
3. Internal Factors Factors within schools and the education system,
such as interactions between pupils and teachers,
and inequalities between schools.
4. External Factors Factors outside the education system, such as the
influence of home and family background and wider
society.
5. Cultural Deprivation The theory that many w/c and black children are
inadequately socialised, and therefore lack the 'right'
culture needed for educational success.
6. Cultural Equipment Includes things, such as language, self-discipline
and reasoning skills.
7. Culturally Deprived When children LACK the cultural equipment needed
to do well at school and so they underachieve.
8. The Restricted Code Speech code typically used by the w/c. It has a lim-
w/c (Bernstein 1975) ited vocabulary, use of short, grammatically simple
sentences, speech contains only a single word or
gesture and expression only.
9. The Elaborated Code Speech code typically used by the m/c. It has a
m/c (Bernstein 1975) wider vocabulary, longer, grammatically more com-
plex sentences, speech is more varied and commu-
nicates abstract ideas.
10. Parenting Style - Edu- It emphasises, consistent discipline and high expec-
cated Parents tations of their children.
, AQA (A-Level Sociology) - Education
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11. Parenting Style - Is marked by harsh or inconsistent discipline that em-
LESS Educated Par- phasises 'doing as you're told' and 'behaving your-
ents self.'
12. Subculture A group whose attitudes and values differ from those
of the mainstream culture.
13. Fatalism (w/c) A belief in fate - that whatever will be, will be' and
there is nothing you can do to change your status.
14. Collectivism (w/c) Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding
as an individual.
15. Immediate Gratifica- Seeking pleasure NOW rather than making sacri-
tion (w/c) fices to order to get rewards in the future.
16. Present-Time Orien- Seeing the present as more important than the future
tation (w/c) and so NOT having long-term goals.
17. Deferred Gratifica- Postponing immediate rewards or pleasures, gener-
tion (m/c) ally with the aim of producing a greater reward at a
later date.
18. Compensatory Edu- Government education policies that seek to tackle
cation the problem of under-achievement and families in
deprived areas.
19. Material Deprivation Poverty and lack of material necessities, such as
adequate housing and income.
20. Materially Deprived When children LACK income and resources needed
to do well at school and so they underachieve.
21. Economic Capital Wealth
(Bourdieu - 1984)
22. Educational Capital Qualifications
(Bourdieu - 1984)
23.
