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URR Adult Echo test with complete solution
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URR Adult Echo test with complete solution
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URRAdult
Echo
test
with
complete
solution
The
RCA
supplies
blood
to
what?
-
answer-Both
atria,
the
atrial
septum,
the
right
ventricular
free
wall,
the
right
ventricular
apex,
and
the
POSTERIOR
MEDIAL
PAPILLARY
MUSCLE
The
PDA
supplies
blood
to
what?
-
answer-inferior
ventricular
septum
and
inferior
wall
of
the
LV
Define
"right
dominant"
circulation
-
answer-In
80%
of
individuals,
the
PDA
originates
from
the
RCA
Define
"left
dominant"
circulation
-
answer-In
20%
of
individuals,
the
PDA
originates
from
the
LCX
What
does
the
LCA
divide
into?
-
answer-Lt
anterior
descending
(LAD)
and
left
circumflex
(LCX)
@
atrioventricular
groove
What
does
the
LAD
supply?
-
answer-Anterior
septal
wall
(septal
branches),
anterior
wall
of
LV
(diagonal
branches),
and
left
ventricular
apex
What
does
the
LCX
supply?
-
answer-Inferior
lateral
and
anterior
lateral
walls
of
LV
(obtuse
marginal
branches)
Which
layer
of
the
cardiac
wall
consists
of
2
thin
layers
of
epithelial
cells?
-
answer-Endocardium
What
is
the
muscular
layer
of
the
heart
wall?
-
answer-Myocardium
Which
layer
of
the
heart
is
connective
tissue
covered
by
a
layer
of
epithelial
cells
and
is
the
inner
serous
layer?
-
answer-Epicardium
AKA
visceral
pericardium
Which
layer
of
the
heart
completely
surround
the
heart
within
the
chest
and
reduces
friction?
-
answer-Pericardium
Where
does
the
anatomic
outflow
tract
of
the
LV
extend
from?
-
answer-Inner
edge
of
IV
septum
to
leading
edge
of
anterior
mitral
leaflet
What
does
the
functional
outflow
tract
of
the
LV
refer
to?
-
answer-Area
between
septal
wall
to
anterior
aortic
annulus
and
from
anterior
mitral
leaflet
to
posterior
aortic
annulus LV
diastolic
pressure
equates
to?
-
answer-Mean
LA
pressure
How
many
papillary
muscles
are
in
the
LV?
-
answer-2;
anterior
lateral
and
posterior
medial
What
is
the
average
emptying
velocity
during
atrial
contraction
of
the
LA
appendage?
-
answer->50
cm/s
(PW
TEE)
Velocities
less
than
what
in
the
LA
appendage
during
atrial
contraction
can
indicate
increased
risk
of
thrombus
formation?
-
answer-<
20
cm/s
Define
crista
terminalis
-
answer-Muscular
internal
ridge
that
separates
RA
into
2
portions
and
extends
vertically
from
IVC
to
SVC
Define
sulcus
terminalis
-
answer-External
ridge
of
tissue
corresponding
to
the
internal
crista
terminalis
What
part
of
the
IV
septum
is
at
increased
risk
for
sinus
of
valsalva
aneurysm?
-
answer-Short
membranous
segment
superior
to
right
aortic
cusp
Which
ventricle
does
the
IV
septum
usually
bow
toward
and
why?
-
answer-RV
due
to
increased
LV
pressures
What
is
the
only
artery
in
the
body
that
carries
deoxygenated
blood?
-
answer-Pulmonary
artery
The
majority
of
pulmonary
venous
flow
into
the
LA
occurs
when?
-
answer-During
early
systole
as
the
atrium
refills
with
blood
What
are
the
only
veins
in
the
body
that
carry
oxygenated
blood?
-
answer-Pulmonary
veins
(4)
What
are
the
4
stages
of
ventricular
diastole?
-
answer-1-
Isovolumic
relaxation
period
2-rapid
filling
period
(70%
blood
ejected)
3-diastasis
4-atrial
contraction
(30%
blood
ejected)
Ventricular
diastole
is
defined
as:
-
answer-From
aortic
valve
closure
to
mitral
valve
closure,
begins
at
end
of
T
wave
Ventricular
systole
is
defined
as:
-
answer-From
mitral
valve
closure
to
aortic
valve
closure,
begins
with
the
onset
of
QRS
complex
What
are
the
3
stages
of
ventricular
systole?
-
answer-1-Isovolumic
contraction
period
2-Rapid
ejection
phase
3-
Reduced
ejection
phase Define
protodiastole
-
answer-Brief
interval
when
ventricular
ejection
stops
but
aortic
and
pulmonic
valves
are
still
open
A
normal
valve
will
open
when
how
big
of
a
pressure
gradient
is
present?
-
answer-4mmHg
(1m/s
aortic
velocity
=
4mmHg
pressure
gradient
between
LV
and
Ao.....stenotic
=
greater
gradient)
When
do
MV
and
TV
valves
open,
with
respect
to
pressure
gradients?
-
answer-When
atrial
pressures
exceed
ventricular
pressures
at
onset
of
diastole
When
do
semilunar
valves
open,
with
respect
to
pressure
gradients?
-
answer-When
ventricular
pressures
exceed
those
in
Ao/pulmonary
artery,
in
rapid
ejection
phase
Define
Frank-Starling
Law:
-
answer-Demonstrates
the
relationship
between
venous
return
and
stroke
volume,
increased
venous
return
will
cause
increased
stroke
volume
What
is
the
average
stroke
volume?
-
answer-70-100
cc/
beat
Stroke
volume
vs
cardiac
output
-
answer-Stroke
volume-amount
of
blood
pumped
out
of
the
heart
with
each
beat(area
X
LVOT
VTI)
Cardiac
output-amount
of
blood
pumped
out
of
the
heart
each
minute(SV
X
HR
or
area
X
LVOT
VTI
X
HR)
What
is
the
normal
range
of
cardiac
output?
-
answer-4-8
liters/min
How
can
you
calculate
cardiac
index?
-
answer-Cardiac
output/body
surface
area
Units:liters/min/meters
squared
How
can
you
calculate
EF?
-
answer-EDV-ESV/EDV
What
is
the
purpose
of
the
SA/sinoatrial
node?
-
answer-Discharges
electrical
currents
to
initiate
cardiac
chamber
contraction
What
is
the
purpose
of
internal
pathways?
-
answer-Carry
current
across
both
atria
What
is
the
purpose
of
AV
node/atrioventricular
node?
-
answer-Delays
the
electrical
signal
to
ventricles
for
0.1
sec
to
give
the
atria
time
to
contract
What
is
the
typical
QRS
duration?
-
answer-Normally
<0.12
The
P
wave
on
a
EKG
correlates
to?
-
answer-Atrial
systole
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