-Dictatorial or authoritarian:
-Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and attitudes through
unquestioned rules and expectations
-Ex: The child is never allowed to watch television on school nights
-Permissive:
-Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and consult the
child when making decisions
-Ex: The child assists with deciding whether he will watch television
-Democratic or authoritative:
-Parents direct the child’s behavior by setting rules and explaining the reason
for each rule setting
-Ex: The child can watch television for 1 hr on school nights after
completing all of his homework and chores
-Parents negatively reinforce deviations form the rules
-Ex: The privilege is taken away but later reinstated based on new
guidelines
Chapter 2: Physical assessment findings
1. Vital signs
-Usually vital signs are all high except for BP
-Temperature:
-3 – 6 months 99.5
-1 year 99.9
-3 year 99.0
-5 years 98.6
-7 years 98.2
-9 – 11 years 98.1
-13 years 97.9
-Pulse:
-Newborn 80 – 180/min
-1 weeks – 3 months 80 – 220/min
-3 months – 2 years 70 – 150/min
-2 – 10 years 60 – 110/min
-10 years and older 50 – 90/min
, NURS 211L ATI Peds proctored exam 100%
-Respirations:
-Newborn – 1year 30 – 35/min
-1 – 2 years 25 – 30/min
-2 – 6 years 21 – 25/min
-6 – 12 years 19 – 21/min
-12 years and older 16 – 19/min
, NURS 211L ATI Peds proctored exam 100%
-Blood pressure:
-Low as a baby but increases the older they get
-Infants:
-Systolic: 65-78
-Diastolic: 41-52
2. Head
-Fontanels should be flat
-Posterior fontanel:
-Closes by 6-8 weeks
-Anterior fontanel:
-Closes by 12-18 months
3. Teeth
-Infants should have 6-8 teeth by 1 year old
-Children and adolescents should have teeth that are white and smooth, and begin
replacing the 20 deciduous teeth with 32 permanent teeth
4. Infant Reflexes
Stepping Birth to 4 weeks
Palmar Grasp Birth to 3 months
Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencer Position) Birth to 3 – 4 months
Sucking and Rooting Reflex Birth to 4 months
Moro Reflex (Fall backward) Birth to 4 months
Startle Reflex (Loud Noise) Birth to 4 months
Plantar Reflex Birth to 8 months
Birth to 1 year
Babinski Reflex
Chapter 3: Health promotion of infants (2 days to 1 year)
1. Physical Development
-Weight:
-Doubled by 5 months
-Tripled by 12 months
-Quartered by 30 months
-Height:
-2.5 cm (1 in) per month for the first 6 months
-Length:
-Increases by 50% by 12 months
-Dentition:
-First teeth erupt between 6-10 months
2. Motor skill development
▪ 1 Month
o Head lag
, NURS 211L ATI Peds proctored exam 100%
o Strong grasp reflex
▪ 2 Months
o Lifts head when prone
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