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Overview of Option 2G.1 History Edexcel A level
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The Rise and Fallof Fascism in
Italy, 1911-46
1
, Contents
Title Page
Theme 1 – The Liberal State, c1911–18 5
Unification 5
The Political system in Italy 5
Economic Growth and Social Problems 6
North-South Divide 6
Italy as a ‘great power’ 6
Giovanni Giolitti 7
Giolitti and the Socialists 7
Giolitti and the Catholic Church 8
Giolitti and the Nationalists 8
Foreign policy 9
Impact of the invasion of Libya 9
Impact of the franchise extension of 1912 9
Resignation of Giolitti 10
Red Week 10
World War One breaks out 10
Mussolini’s stalemate 11
Defeat at Caporetto 12
Socialists during the War 12
The War economy 12
End of the War 13
Theme 2 – The Rise of Mussolini and the Creation of a Fascist Dictatorship, 1919–26 14
Mutilated Victory 14
Occupation of Fiume 14
Post-war crisis 15
The Growth of a Catholic Party 15
The Growth of the Socialist party 15
Government instability post-war 16
Foundation of Fasci di Combattimento and party Programme 16
Squadrismo and the move to the right 16
Political legitimacy 17
The PNF and the ‘New Programme’ 17
Taking advantage of political unrest 18
Establishing a dual policy 19
The March on Rome and its significance 20
The role of Victor Emmanuel III 20
Mussolini’s appointment as PM 21
Parliamentary compromise and coercion 21
Controlling the PNF 21
The Acerbo Law 22
The Matteotti Crisis 23
Repression in 1925 24
Constitutional Amendments, 1925-26 24
2
,Theme 3 – The Fascist State, 1925–40 24
Youth Indoctrination timeline 24
Aims of the Youth Programmes 24
Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro 25
Press control and censorship 25
Purpose of Propaganda 26
Impact of State Propaganda 27
Cult of il Duce 27
Fascist Culture 28
Repression and terror 29
Anti-Semitic decrees 29
‘Reform of Customs’ 30
Mussolini and the Monarchy 30
Mussolini and the Judiciary 31
Mussolini and the Armed Forces 31
Mussolini and the Civil Service 31
Central and local government 31
PNF 32
Key former ANI members 33
Agriculture 33
Industry 33
Early economic policies 34
Shift towards fascist economics 34
The Corporate State 35
Response to the Depression 36
Autarky 36
Battle for Grain, 1935 37
Battle for Births, 1927 38
Battle for Land, 1928 39
Relationship with the Catholic Church 39
Pope Pius IX 41
The Lateran Pacts 41
Church support for the regime 42
Church-state tensions in the 1930s 42
Anti-Semitic laws, 1938-39 43
Theme 4 – Challenges to, and the Fall of, the Fascist State, c1935–46 44
Mussolini’s foreign policy aims 44
The impact of foreign policy success and failure before 1934 45
Corfu, 1923 45
Fiume, 1924 45
The Balkans, 1924-26 46
The Locarno Treaties, 1925 46
The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 46
The Pacification of Libya, 1929-32 46
Relations with Britain and France 46
Relations with Germany 47
3
, The Stresa Front, 1935 47
Invasion of Abyssinia 48
Spanish Civil War 50
The move towards Germany 51
Domestic tensions 52
Pact of Steel 53
Italian neutrality, 1939–40 54
Foreign invasions 55
Disaster in Greece 56
Organisational Issues of the military 56
State of the economy 57
Political tensions, 1943 57
Allied invasion of Sicily 58
Mussolini deposed 59
Democracy restored, 1943–46 59
The Republic of Saló 60
Government in the South 61
German surrender and Mussolini’s death 62
The outcomes of the referendum and elections, 1946 62
4
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