Summary
hormonal communication summary
- Institution
- OCR
coincise notes on hormones, andrenal glands, pancreas (structure & colour under microscope), insulin and glucagon mode of action, diabetes type 1 and type 2 potential treatments
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Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
definition of hormones
Answer: chemical messangers that carry information
2.
when are hormones released?
Answer: a gland is stimulated
3.
types of hormones
Answer: steroid and protein
4.
properties of steroid hormones
Answer: non-polar and lipid-soluble
5.
as a consequence of their properties, what can steroid hormones do and why?
Answer: enter the cell because they are not blocked by the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer
6.
what do steroid hormones do after entering the cell?
Answer: bind to receptors on the nuclear envelope, forming a hormone-receptor complex
7.
what does a hormone-receptor complex do?
Answer: acts a transcription factor
8.
what does a transcription factor do?
Answer: facilitates or inhibits the transcription of a particular gene
9.
properties of a protein hormone
Answer: hydrophilic and insoluble in lipids
10.
asa a consequence of their properties, what can protein hormones NOT do and why ?
Answer: they cannot cross the cell membrane as they will be repelled by the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer (they are hydrophilic)
Content preview
Hormonal communicationHormones
Chemical messengers that carry information and are released when the gland is
stimulated
● STEROID: non-polar & lipid-soluble
○ Bind to their receptors
○ →hormone-receptor complex acts as a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
that facilitates/inhibits transcription of a specific gene
● PROTEIN: hydrophilic = insoluble in lipids
- Can’t cross cell membrane
- Acts a FIRST MESSENGER : binds to their receptor on the cell surface
- Triggers SECOND MESSENGER cAMP that sets off a signal cascade to activate
enzymes
Glands
● ENDOCRINE
○ Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
● EXOCRINE
○ Release secretions via ducts
, 2
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Release steroid hormones vital to life
● MINERALOCORTICOIDS (eg. aldosterone)
○ Control blood pressure by regulating salt + water concentration in the
body
● GLUCOCORTICOIDS (eg. cortisol)
○ Regulate metabolism (how fast carbohydrates convert into energy)
○ Regulates blood pressure & cardiovascular function in response to stress
Adrenal medulla
Release non-essential hormones when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by
stress
● ADRENALINE
- Increase heart rate, glycogenolysis
- Relax smooth muscles of bronchioles to increase air flow + O2
● NORADRENALINE
- Widens pupils + air passages in lungs
- Narrows blood vessels to non-essential organs (eg. digestive) to increase blood
pressure
Pancreas
Exocrine
Secrete digestive enzymes (eg. amylases, proteases, lipases) & pancreatic juice into the
pancreatic duct into top small intestine (duodenum) to aid digestion of large molecules
in food
● Darkly stained
- Acinar cells (berry-like structures)
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