This document includes comparisons of all 20 studies that are assessed within the Core Studies paper in the OCR Paper 2 Psychology A level exam. It includes 4 studies per 5 areas, each area with 2 comparisons: Social, Developmental, Cognitive, Biological and Individual Differences. The similarities...
Similarity and Difference revision grid
Milgram and Bocchiaro Piliavin and Levine Bandura and Chaney Kohlberg and Lee
Similar because both Similar because both Similar because Similar because
Use volunteer sampling Use Opportunity sampling Both produced quant data Low ecological validity
For example in Milgram For example in Piliavin For example in Bandura For example in Kohlberg
Adverts were placed in newspaper Used the 4450 passengers who were E.g. amount of imitative/partial/non- the moral dilemmas were hypothetical. In
and direct mail for ppts to a study on using the subway trains at the time to imitative aggression shown by the the real world, children face real moral
memory and learning. measure levels of helping. children dilemmas to which their responses have
real consequences
Similarly, in Bocchiaro Similarly, in Levine Similarly, Chaney Similarly, Lee
Adverts/flyers were placed in a They used the people on the streets of E.g. % of children and parents who hypothetical lie/truth telling stories. In the
cafeteria at VU university, the cities at the time of the helping successfully administered medication real world, children are judging the actual
Amsterdam. scenarios (e.g., dropped pen) to see using each inhaler type (standard lies and truths their friends tell to teachers,
who helps. inhaler/Funhaler) and the antisocial/prosocial deeds their
friends actually carry out in the classroom
Different because Different because Different because Different because
Of generalisability to both males and Of the data collected Research method used Of the data collected
females
For example in Milgram For example in Piliavin For example, Bandura For example, Kohlberg
The sample was biased as only males BOTH quant (e.g. % of trials Lab experiment: IV – behaviour of model Qualitative – as the boys explained what
were in the sample of 40, aged 20- spontaneous help received) and qual (aggressive/non-aggressive); sex of the character in the hypothetical moral
50yrs. Not representative of females data (comments from passengers on model; sex of child. DV – amount of dilemmas should do
so couldn’t generalise findings about why not help) was collected. imitative/partial/non-imitative
obedience to females. aggression. Controlled environment and
standardised routine of aggression
In contrast to this, in Bocchiaro’s However, in Levine However, Chaney However, Lee
Both males and females were in the Only quant data was used e.g. the % Field experiment: IV – type of device used Mainly Quantitative – as the children rated
sample of 149 students – no gender of help received in the different cities to administer the asthma drugs the antisocial and prosocial deed and the
bias - could generalise findings about for comparison. (standard/Funhaler). DV – amount of lie/truth on a 7 point scale
obedience and whistleblowing to both adherence to the prescribed medical
males and females. regime. Natural environment as inhalers
taken in the ppt’s home
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