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Summary Adolescent Development

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  • January 18, 2024
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  • 2021/2022
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Adolescent development

Part 1

Individual personality or a stage in development?
 Is it the fact that the certain individual has undesirable characteristics or is it the
stage in adolescent development that’s making them act that way
Risk taking & adolescence
 Is it part of their personality to be risky and irresponsible or is it vital in the
development, just like it is for a 5 year old.

Adolescent egocentrism is a theory developed by Elkind.

What is adolescence?
 Period between childhood and adulthood
 Period of physical changes related to general maturity
 Puberty: period of sexual maturity
 Adolescence: period of sexual, cognitive, social and emotional maturity
 Age between 10-19 according to WHO
 This may differ depending on time and culture and what article or source you read

Is adolescence a distinct stage in development?
A distinct biological period for 3 reasons
 Specific behaviours (e.g risk- taking, self-consciousness and peer influence, self-
regulation), universal across cultures
 Adolescent period in non-human animals. During that period, animals exhibit similar
behaviours to human adolescents (e.g. risk taking, novelty seeking)
 Evident across history


Descriptions of adolescence
 ‘lacking in sexual restraint, fickle in their desires, passionate and impulsive’ (Aristotle
(384-322 B.C.))
 ‘ a change in humour, frequent anger, a mind in constant agitation makes the child
almost unmanageable. He disregard his guide, he no longer wishes to be governed’
(Jean-Jacque Rosseau (1712-1778))

Elkind (1966) – adolescent egocentrism
 Move to operational thinking:
o Ability to engage in abstract thinking, recognise other people’s mental states
and perspectives. Emerging ability to conceptualise thought of self and other
 Egocentrism in childhood: oblivious to other people’s views
 Egocentrism in adolescence: aware of other people’s views but assume own views
are universal. Assume what is interesting to them is interesting to everyone
 Characteristics of adolescent egocentrism:
o Focus on mental life becomes excessive

, o Illusion of transparency
o Personal fable
o Private god
o Risk-taking
o Imaginary audience
o Self-consciousness

Focus on mental life becomes excessive (Elkind 1967)
 Awareness that they can reflect upon thoughts and feeling (i.e. metacognition)
 Become more aware of one’s own inner world
 Extreme preoccupation with one’s owns thoughts and feelings (i.e. overthinking an
event e.g. an argument with a friend) – thinking becomes a lot more complex
Imaginary audience (Elkind 1967)
 A false belief that others are scrutinising you and are observing everything about you
the way you do
 Can be negative/positive
 Adolescent as the centre of attention – as have false belief that what is interesting to
them is interesting to everyone else

Illusion of transparency
 Feeling that everyone knows what you are thinking or feeling
 Overestimate the degree that others can ‘read’ you
 Illusion that inner states and feelings ‘leak out’ and can be easily detected e.g.
daydreaming.

Self-consciousness (Elkind 1967)
 Elkind suggested that imaginary audience is responsible for self-consciousness in
teenagers
 Individual feels shame or seeks privacy due to the constant feeling of being observed
or criticised


Personal fable and Private God (Elkind 1967)
 Inflated notion of self importance arising from the false assumption that they are
everyone’s centre of attention
 Belief that they’re special or chosen and thus indestructible
 Feeling that are placed on earth to fulfil a special mission
 Preferential relationship with a private god that will protect them from home

Risk taking (Elkind 1967)
 Involved in risk taking behaviour and assume they cannot be harmed as they have a
special status (and are protected by a divine force)
 Substance abuse, dangerous activities, unprotected sex etc.


How does adolescent egocentrism develop according to Elkind (1967)
 Become more aware of one’s own inner world

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