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Summary A Level Sociology Crime and Deviance -Globalisation, Green Crime, Human Rights and State Crime
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GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS AND Global criminal economy has demand and supply.STATE CRIME– CRIME AND GLOBALISATION Demand for criminal products and services in the rich West. Without supply that provides
Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of societies sources of drugs, sex workers, it wouldn’t function
so that what happens in one locality is shaped by distant
events and vice versa SUPPLY; LINKED TO GLOBALISATION PROCESS
HELD- ‘globalisation is the widening, deepening and speeding - Third world drug producing countries such as Colombia have large populations of
up of world wide interconnectedness in all aspects of life, from impoverished peasants. Drug cultivation is attractive option as requires little investment in
the cultural to the criminal to the financial to the spiritual’ tech and commands high prices compared to normal crops
Causes of globalisation= spread of ICT, influence of global - 20% of the population depends on cocaine production for livelihood and cocaine outsells all
mass media, cheap air travel, deregulation of financial and Colombia’s other exports combined
other markets and their opening up to competition, easier - To understand drug crime, we cannot merely confine our attention to the countries in which
movement so business can easily relocate to countries where drugs are CONSUMED
profits are greater
GLOBAL RISK CONSCIOUNESS
THE GLOBAL CRIMINAL ECONOMY - Globalisation creates new insecurities and produces mentality of ‘risk consciousness’ - risk
Increased globalisation of crime- increased interconnectedness seen as global rather than tied to certain places. Increased movement of people, (as
of crime across national borders- spread of transnational economic migrants seeking work or as asylum seekers fleeing persecution) leads to
organised crime- new opportunities for crime, new means of anxieties in Western countries about risk of crime and disorder and the need to protect
committing crime and new offences such as cyber crimes borders
- Fears irrational due to media moral panics about the threat, fuelled by politicians. Neg
CASTELLS; criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per year coverage of immigrants- portrayed as terrorists and scroungers leads to hate crimes
against minorities in several European countries.
1. Arms trafficking; - Leads to intensification of social control at national level. UK toughened border control,
2. Trafficking nuclear materials firing airlines if bring in undocumented passengers. UK has no legal limit on how long a
3. Smuggling illegal immigrants person can be held in immigration detention.
4. Trafficking in women and children (prostitution or - Other European states with land borders have introduced fences CCTV and thermal
slavery, half a million people are trafficked to western imaging devices to prevent illegal crossings
Europe annually) - Another result of globalised risk is increased attempts at international cooperation and
5. Sex tourism- westerners travel to third world countries control in various ‘wars’ on terror drugs and crime- particularly since 9/11
for sex, sometimes w minors
6. Trafficking in body parts for organ transplants in rich
countries. 2000 organs annually taken from condemned
criminals in China
7. Cyber crime- identity theft and child porn
8. Green crime- damage to environment, toxic waste
9. International terrorism
10. Smuggling of legal goods- alcohol and tobacco, to
evade taxes, and stolen goods to sell in foreign markets
11. Trafficking in cultural artefacts
12. Trafficking in endangered species – to produce
remedies
13. Drugs trade- estimated $300-400 billion annually
14. Money laundering of profits of organised crime $1.5
trillion year
-
, GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATE CRIME– CRIME GLOBALISATION, GREEN CRIME, HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATE
AND GLOBALISATION CRIME– CRIME AND GLOBALISATION
GLOBALISATION, CAPITALISM AND CRIME PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL ORGANISATION
- TAYLOR; led to changes in pattern and extent of crime. Free reign to market - WINLOW study of Sunderland bouncers
forces, globalisation has created greater inequality and rising crime - HOBBS AND DUNNINGHAM; found crime is organised linked to
- Created crime at both ends of social spectrum (TNCs switch manufacturing to low economic changes brought by globalisation. Increasingly,
age countries, job insecurity, unemployment and poverty. Deregulation means gov involves individuals with contacts acting as a ‘hub’ around which
have little control over own economies, to create jobs or raise taxes while state a loose knit network forms, composed of other individuals
spending on welfare has declined. Marketisation encouraged people to see seeking opportunities and often linking ht elegitimate and
themselves as individual consumers, calculating personal costs and benefits of illegitimate activities. HOBBS AND DUNNINGHAM argue this
each action, undermining social cohesion. As left realists note, materialistic culture contrasts with large scale hierarchical ‘Mafia’ style criminal
promoted by globalisation portrays success in terms of a lifestyle of consumption organisations of the past, such as that headed by the Kray twins
- Factors create insecurity, widening inequalities that encourage people to turn to
crime. Lack legitimate job oppourtunities destroyed self respect, look for illegitimate GLOCAL ORGANISATION
ones, lucrative drugs trade - New forms of organisation sometimes have international links,
especially with drugs trade, but crime is still rooted in it local
- Globalisation also creates crime opportunities for elite groups. Deregulation of context- individuals still need local contacts and networks to find
financial markets = insider trading and movement of funds around globe to avoid opportunities to sell their drugs. HOBBS AND DUNNINGHAM
taxation. Creation of European Union offered opportunities for fraudulent claims for conclude crime works as a ‘glocal system’- still locally based, but
subsidies, estimated over $7 billion / year with global connections. Form it takes varies from place to place,
- Led to new patterns of employment = crime. Increased use of subcontracting to according to local conditions, even if it is influenced by global
recruit ‘flexible’ workers, often working illegally or employed for less than minimum factors such as the availability of drugs from abroad.
wage, or breach health and safety laws - HOBBS AND DUNNINGHAM argue changes with globalisation
led to changes in crime patterns- shift from old rigidly hierarchical
Useful theory to link global trends in the capitalist economy to changes in gang structure to loose networks of flexible, opportunistic
patterns of crime criminals . However, not clear that such patterns are new nor that
Does not adequately explain how the changes make people behave in criminal the older structures have disappeared. May be that the two have
ways- not all poor people turn to crime- generalisation always co existed. Equally, conclusions may not be generalizable
to other criminal activity elsewhere
CRIMES OF GLOBALISATION MCMAFIA
- ROTHE AND FRIEDRICHS; examine role of financial organisations such as - GLENNY- organisations that merged in Russia and Eastern
International Money Fund (IMF) and World Bank in crimes of globalisation Europe after fall of communism
- Dominated by major capitalist states- World Bank has 188 members yet just 5 - origins of transnational organised crime - break up of Soviet
(USA, JAPAN, GERMANY, BRITAIN, FRANCE) hold over 1/3 of voting rights Union in 1989- deregulation of global markets
- Bodies impose pro-capitalist, neo liberal ’structural adjustment programmes’ on - Under communism, Soviet Union had regulated price of
poor countries as a condition for the loans they provide. These programmes require everything- after fall of communism, only natural resources
gov to cut money on health and education, to private publicly owned services, remained at their soviet prices- anyone with access to funds
industries and natural resources could buy up oil, gas, diamonds and metals for next to nothing.
- Allows Western corporations to expand into these countries, creates conditions for Selling them abroad at huge profits, became Russia new capital
crime. ROTHE et al showed programme in Rwanda caused mass unemployment class
and created the economic basis for the genocide. CAIN suggests the IMF and - Collapse of communist state- disorder, to protect wealth ,
World bank act as a ‘global state’ and whilst they don’t break laws, their actions can capitalists turned to the ‘mafia’- alliances of rich men and ex
cause widespread social harms both directly and through cutting welfare spending convicts- eg. Chechen mafia -protect wealth and move it out the
like Rwanda. country – build links to criminal organisations over the world
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