AARON T. BECK
o F irst person to develop theories/methods for usingcognitive & behavioral interventions
o Ideas from: psychoanalytic concepts + post-Freudian analysts
o Negative cognitive triad: cognitive conceptualization of depression (negative thinking style: self, world, and future)
FIRST WAVE:
o eaction to psychoanalysis: focus onobservableandmeasurablebehaviors (ignore internal states)
R
WAVES OF BEHAVIOR BEHAVIORISM o Based onconditioning paradigms: classical (Pavlo)and operant (Skinner) conditioning
THERAPY o Led to dissatisfaction => important to include cognitive processes
o ognitiverevolution: bring back cognitive processesto understand how people learn & behave
C
SECOND WAVE: o Acknowledging the role of behavioral processes
CBT o Influential figures:Aaron T. Beck + Albert Ellis
o Not a rejection from the first wave => combination of both
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR
o F amily of psychological interventions that are based oncognitive and behavioral principles
THERAPY o Identify and increase adaptive schemas+modify andreduce the influence of maladaptive schemas
o Reduce emotional problems by focusing on thinking and behaviors
o Psychological problems are based on => unhelpful ways of thinking + learned patterns of unhelpful behaviors
EXPOSURE THERAPY
o ( purposefully)Exposurepatientrepeatedly to fear-provokingstimuli =>extinction of fear, no more avoidance
o Goal: promote emotional processing through theactivationof the fear structureand the integration of informationthat is inconsistent with the
pathological elements of the fear structure
o Types: in vivo, in vitro (imaginal), interoceptiveexposure, systematic desensitization (gradual), flooding techniques
, Passive way of learning - Pavlov =>ONSETof pathologicalfear
Neutral stimulipaired with aCSrepeatedly triggeraUCR =>NS becomes a CS =>triggering a CR similarto the original UCR
o S = problematic situation/thought that elicits emotional response
C
LASSICAL
C o UCS/ UCR = theme/event that enables to explain why the CS leads to the UCR (didn’t learn it)
CONDITIONING
o CR = negative emotion (learned it)
Fear conditioning
o eneralization: stimuli that are similar to the CSalso elicit fear =>pathological=> stopped throughextinction
G
o Fear extinction: CS repeatedly presentedwithout theUCSor withpleasant stimuli
, Program for escape or avoiding danger (model to understand anxiety)
types of
3 . F eared stimuli
1
information 2. Fear responses
FEAR STRUCTURE 3. Meaning of the stimulus and response
(Lang)
o ecomes pathological: associations among stimulus,response, and meaning representationsdon’t reflectreality
B
- Themeaningyou add to a certain stimulus => whichdetermines how you will react
o Shows that fear is both cognitive and behavioral
o Anxiety disorder: harmless stimuli + responses are viewed as erroneously dangerous
Effective exposure therapy =>Correct fear structure(expanded from Lang's fear structure)
E MOTIONAL
PROCESSING Modifying old associations =>new associations arecreated=> forming competing structures (not includepathological associations)
THEORY
T HEORIES OF (Kozak & Foa) Demands
o F ear structure needs to be activated
EXTINCTION OF o New information must be introduced in the fear structure(not compatible with old)
FEAR
Correction of fear structure is indicated byhabituation=>not predictive of therapy outcomes(follow up:not less anxiety or avoidance)
INHIBITORY uided ET (explains why some people after ET might experience fallbacks =>fear comes back bc the oldfear structure is still intact)
G
LEARNING THEORY Fear structure + Non-threat structurecompete forretrieval
Demands
o ew information must be introduced to form a new representation
N
o Enhancing the accessibility + retrievability of non-threat association
S trategies to
o E xpectancy violation: design exposure to violate specificexpectations
enhance IL o Remove safety behaviors: decrease the use of them
o Variability: vary stimuli and contexts
o Deepenedextinction: present 2 cures during the sameexposure after conducting extinction with 1 of them
o Attentionalfocus: maintain attention on the CS targetduring exposure
o Mental reinstatement/ retrieval cues: use cue presentduring extinction to reinstate previous exposure
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller bernarditarichards. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £7.27. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
