What are eukaryotic cells? - Cells that are more complex and have a nucleus (animal and plant cells)
What are prokaryotic cells? - Cells that are smaller and simpler, and don't have a nucleus but still
have genetic information (bacteria)
What are eukaryotes? - Organisms made of eukaryotic cells
...
What are eukaryotic cells? - ✔✔Cells that are more complex and have a nucleus (animal and plant cells)
What are prokaryotic cells? - ✔✔Cells that are smaller and simpler, and don't have a nucleus but still
have genetic information (bacteria)
What are eukaryotes? - ✔✔Organisms made of eukaryotic cells
What is a prokaryote? - ✔✔A prokaryotic cell (it's a single celled organism)
What is cytoplasm? - ✔✔A liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions needed for life take place.
It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
In what types of cells is cytoplasm found? - ✔✔Animal, plant, algae, and bacteria cells
What is the cell membrane? - ✔✔It holds the cell together and controls the passage of substances in
and out of the cell
In what types of cells is a cell membrane found? - ✔✔Animal, plant, algae, and bacteria cells
What is the nucleus? - ✔✔It carries the instructions for making new cells or organisms and controls all
activities of the cell
In what types of cell is a nucleus found? - ✔✔Animal, plant, and algae cells
,What is the cell wall? - ✔✔It is made of cellulose in plants and peptidoglycan in bacteria. It strengthens
and supports the cell.
In what types of cell is a cell wall found? - ✔✔Plant, and bacteria cells
What are chloroplasts? - ✔✔They are found in the green parts of a plant, and they contain chlorophyll
which allows the cell to create food and light energy
In what types of cell are chloroplasts found? - ✔✔Plant, and algae cells
What are ribosomes? - ✔✔They are the site of protein synthesis. All the proteins needed in the cell are
made here. The ribosomes are attached to the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
In what types of cell are ribosomes found? - ✔✔Animal, and plant cells
What are mitochondria? - ✔✔They are structures in the cytoplasm. Oxygen is used, and energy is
released during respiration here
In what types of cell are mitochondria found? - ✔✔Animal, plant, and algae cells
What is a permanent vacuole? - ✔✔It is a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. It is important for
keeping the cell rigid to support the plant
In what types of cell is a permanent vacuole found? - ✔✔Plant, and algae cells
What is a plasmid? - ✔✔A small, circular piece of DNA that carries genes additional to those in the main
genetic material
,What two features do bacteria cells NOT have? - ✔✔Chloroplasts and mitochondria
How do light microscopes work? - ✔✔They use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and
magnify it
What can we see using a microscope? - ✔✔Individual cells and large sub-cellular structures, like nuclei
What do electron microscopes use to form an image? - ✔✔Electrons
Out of electron and light microscopes, which has a higher resolution? - ✔✔Electron microscopes
What can we see with electron microscopes? - ✔✔The internal structure of mitochondria and
chloroplasts, ribosomes, and plasmids
What is the formula for magnification? - ✔✔Magnification is image size divided by real size
How do you convert from micrometres into millimetres? - ✔✔Divide by 1000
What is a flagellum for? - ✔✔Locomotion
In what type of cell is a flagellum found? - ✔✔Bacteria
What are nerve cells specialised to do? - ✔✔Carry impulses around an organism. They provide a quick
communication system
, What are four adaptations of nerve cells? - ✔✔Lots of dendrites to connect with other cells
Axon that carries nerve impulses from one place to another
Synapses adapted to pass impulses on using transmitter chemicals
Long so they cover more distance
What is differentiation? - ✔✔The process where a cell changes to become specialised
What are stem cells? - ✔✔Undifferentiated cells
What are sperm cells specialised to do? - ✔✔Get the male DNA to the female DNA by fertilising an egg
What are three adaptations of sperm cells? - ✔✔Long tail to help it swim
Lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed for the sperm cell to move
Digestive enzymes in the head to digest the egg cell membrane
What are muscle cells specialised to do? - ✔✔Contract and relax to move the bones of the skeleton
What are two adaptations of muscle cells? - ✔✔Long so they have space to contract
Contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
What are root hair cells specialised to do? - ✔✔Absorb water and minerals
What is one adaptation of a root hair cell? - ✔✔Large surface area for absorbing water and mineral
ions from the soil
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