Treatments for hyponatremia 0.9% NaCl, accurate I&O, vitals (pulse), watch for signs of water
intoxication, monitor blood gases, watch for respiratory difficulties
Severe: disorientation, hallucinations, lethargy, irritability, seizure, coma
causes of hypernatremia Causes:
Dietary Changes-Excessive Salt intake
Excessive IV Saline
Deprivation of water
GI Disorders (Watery Diarrhea)
Decreased Renal Function
Insensible Water Loss
Heat Stroke
,Salt water drowning
Head Injury Trauma
treatments for hypernatremia restrict sodium intake, identify drugs that are sodium retaining,
monitor Na levels daily, check for rales, edema in lower extremities, I&O, Urine specific gravity
treatments for hypokalemia oral supplements or food replacement, K Cl(20-40) meq, Kay Ciel,
Kaochlor, oral potassium is extremely irritating to the stomach and should be diluted in water
hyperkalemia high potassium
Abd cramps
Tachycardia
Widened QRS
Ventricular arrhythmia
Cardiac Arrest
, Oliguria
Numbness face, tongue, feet , hands
causes of hyperkalemia Excessive K intake, IV K Infusions
Orally given every 4-6 hours and results occur in 1-2 hours
Rectally given has a retention enema every 2-4 hours
Enema removes K in 30-60 minutes
Monitor labs and EKG
normal calcium levels 9.0-10.5 mEq/l
hypocalcemia low calcium in blood
Tetany
Prolonged Q-T wave
Anxiety
Irritability
Confusion
Convulsions
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