Biology 1406: Exam 3 Latest Version Graded A+

Biology 1406: Exam 3 Latest Version Graded A+ autotrophs an organism able to build all the complex organic molecules that it requires as its own food source heterotroph an organism that cannot derive energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemicals , and so must feed on other plants and animals, obtaining chemical energy by degrading their organic molecules cellular respiration the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bonds dehydrogenation chemical reaction that involves the loss of a hydrogen atom, electrons are removed, oxidation hydrogenation chemical reaction that involves the gain of a hydrogen atom, electrons are added, reduction nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD+) - cellular respiration a molecules that becomes reduced to NADH as it carries high-energy electrons from oxidized molecules and delivers them to ATP-producing pathways in the cell - acts as an electron acceptor/carrier during each transfer of electrons - energy is released - energy may be captures and be used to make ATP or form other chemical bonds - the rest is lost as heat aerobic respiration the process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain that produces a proton gradient for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP - oxygen is the final electron acceptor anaerobic respiration the use of electron transport to generate a proton gradient for chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP using a final electron acceptor other than exygen - any inorganic molecule that is the final electron acceptor fermentation the enzyme-catalyzed extraction of energy from organic compounds without the involvement of oxygen - any organic molecule that is the final electron acceptor respiration formula C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O electron transport chain the passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane- associated electron-carrier molecules to proton pumps - located in mitochondria inner membrane synthesis of ATP (2 ways) 1. substrate-level phosphorylation 2. oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation ATP formed by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate-bearing intermediate, or substrate oxidative phosphorylation ATP synthesized by the enzyme ATP synthase, using energy from a proton (H+) gradient.