Epidemiology ✔️Ans - studying the patterns of disease and injury in
the human population
Essential Services of Health ✔️Ans - Assurance, Assessment, Policy
Development
Assurance ✔️Ans - Law Enforcement, Link to/ Provide Care, Assure
Competent Workforce, Evaluate
- Chlorination of water - FDA
- Emergency Response Planning
- Providing culturally appropriate services
Assessment ✔️Ans - monitor health, diagnose and investigate
- Health Surveys
-reporting communicable diseases
- Vital stats
Policy Development ✔️Ans - Inform, Educate, Empower, Mobilize
Community Partnerships, Develop Policies
- health education - lead testing
- newborn screening programs
ERA Ancient Greek (500-323 BC) ✔️Ans - Personal hygiene, Physical
fitness (Olympics), Naturalistic concept: Disease caused by imbalance
between man and his environment
Hippocrates ✔️Ans - father of western medicine,Causal relationships:
Disease and climate, water, lifestyle, and nutrition, Coined the term
epidemic
ERA Roman Empire (23 BC- 476 AD) ✔️Ans - Adopted Greek health
values; Great engineers: Sewage systems, Aqueducts; Administration:
Public baths, Water supply, Markets
ERA Middle Ages (476 - 1450 AD) ✔️Ans - Shift away from Greek and
Roman values: Physical body less important than spiritual self, Decline of
, hygiene & sanitation; Beginnings of PH tools: Quarantine of ships, Isolation
of diseased
individuals
ERA of the Renaissance/ Global Exploration (1400-1600 AD) ✔️Ans -
Disease, spread by traders and explorers; Killed 90% of indigenous people
in New World
ERA Great Sanitation Awakening (1800s-1900s) ✔️Ans - Growth in
scientific knowledge; Water supply and sewage removal; Monitor
community health status; Connection between poverty
and disease
Sanitation Reform (US) ✔️Ans - 1850 Lemuel Shattucks: "Report of the
Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts"; 1869 State Board of Health; 1872
American Public Health Association formed
Sanitation Reform (England) ✔️Ans - 1842 Edwin Chadwick: "Survey
into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Classes in Great Britain";
Landmark research; Graphic descriptions of filth and
disease spread in urban areas
Sanitation/ Knowledge Revolution ✔️Ans - Clean water: water
treatment; Food inspection; Soaps, disinfectants & pharmaceuticals;
Personal hygiene; Public works departments: garbage
collection, landfills, and street cleaning; Public health departments&
regulation; Important role of nutrition
ERA 1950s- mid 1980s: Filling holes in the medical care system ✔️Ans -
Assisting clinicians to effectively deliver services to those without private
medical care benefits (Medicaid and Medicare); Widespread use of
antibiotics; Clinical trials; Surgeon General Report on Smoking;
Framingham Heart Study; Environmental health association
ERA mid 1980s-2000 ✔️Ans - Focus on individual control of decision-
making and need for multiple interventions, early detect &prevention
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