Summary
Summary - Unit 1E - Russia, 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin
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- PEARSON (PEARSON)
Economy social standards
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Social standardsWar communism
Abolition of private trade + inability for State to satisfy demand led to creation of large
black market
Huge inflation then abolition of money resulted in bartering (inefficient + caused anger
at gov)
Forcible requisitioning of food from peasantry caused serious malnutrition, disease +
starvation, eg widespread famine resulted in 6 million deaths
Strict labour requirements for urban workers (including death penalty for strikes +
forced voluntary work on ‘Communist Saturdays’ as well as forcing unemployed to join
‘labour armies’ for public tasks (such as road building + woodland clearance) allowing
labour to be utilised efficiently + coordinatively to win war
Anger at poor living standards clearly seen by numerous uprisings during war
communism period, including a series of ‘Green’ uprisings 1920-21 (esp in Tambov
region in Central Russia), widespread proletariat strikes by 1921 (in which 75% of
factories were affected AND Kronstadt mutiny of sailors outside Petrograd 1921
(previously most loyal supporters of Bolsheviks who implemented 1917 Oct revolution
but now advocated for “Soviets without Bolsheviks”)
NEP
NEP men ensured goods were widely available (sometimes were the only source of
goods as ¼ of villages lacked any kind of shop 1925)
Money reintroduced + wages of urban workers increased (doubled between 1921 and
1928)
Huge urban unemployment as gov cut funding for state industry in effort to balance
budget 1922-29, 150,000 to 1.7 million unemployed, leading to widespread poverty
First three ‘Five year plans’
Short lived improvements in consumer production during second five year plan (eg
production of shoes + improved processing of food)
Life very poor and difficult for majority of population as all money from heavy industry
reinvested into heavy industry, not consumer goods or improving living standards
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