Lecture notes
Introduction to Module and Historical Relevance
- Module
- Cells and Immunity (BI2BC45)
- Institution
- University Of Reading (UoR)
Historical Timeline and Introduction to the Module
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Cells and ImmunityWeek 1
Mike Fry
=Cells and Immunity-=
Practical 1; make and analyze cell extracts
Practical 2; qualitative and quantitively antibody tests.
Cells – fundamental unit of life and biology.
Cell theory.
- 16th century microscopes are developed // 150yr cell theory is developed.
a. Cells are basic units of life [viruses challenge this notion]
b. All living organisms are either a single/collection of cells [mix of our own cells,
bacteria and fungus = symbiosis / mutualism]
c. Cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division [Loui Paster sterilized cultures and
nothing would grow = need cells to start a growth]
d. Hereditary information is passed cell to cell
e. Energy flows within cells
Geography of the cell.
- Membrane bound organelles or highly concentrated groups of proteins/enzymes =
compartmentalized
- Prokaryote, yeast, fibroblast [eukaryote]
Cell composition.
- Protein, lipid, DNA, metabolites, glycogen, polyamines, peptidoglycan
- Properties linked to living, movement, respiration, sensitivity.
How did cells first become alive?
- Study shows heat energy of inner membrane can cause cells to divide as the inner
membrane curves.
The Gene.
- All human cells express a core set of essential genes for basic function and replication
- Each specialized cell type expresses a set of genes that encode proteins required to make
that specialized cell type.
- 1000 core genes identified [1/4 of total genes] 18% have an essential but unknown
purpose.
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