I wrote these notes during my GCSEs and am now studying chemistry at an AS level. I ended up receiving an A* in chemistry with a score of 396. The notes will likely have spelling errors and other insignificant mistakes, but they helped me and others get the top grades, and many aspects of these not...
Unit 1.1 1
Elements 1
Chemical reactions 1
Methods of separation 2
Naming compounds 3
Unit 1.2 3
Atomic structure 3
Isotopes 4
Relative atomic mass 4
Physical properties 5
The periodic table 5
How alkali metals react 5
How halogens react 6
Noble gases 7
Unit 1.3 8
Composition of water 8
Purification of water supplies 8
Desalination 9
Fluoridating water 10
Solubility 10
Hard water 10
Reproducible versus repeatable 12
Unit 1.4 12
Evolution of the atmosphere 12
Chemical tests 13
Acid rain 14
Carbon capture 14
Plate tectonics 14
The movements of tectonic plates 14
The Earth’s structure 15
Unit 1.5 15
How concentration affects reaction 15
How reactant size affects reaction 15
How temperature affects reaction 16
Unit 1.6 16
Thermal decomposition 16
Limestone 16
Unit 2.1 18
Explaining the properties of metals 18
Bonding in compounds 18
1
, Properties of ionic and covalent bonds 20
Giant Ionic lattice 20
Diamond and graphite 21
Other forms of carbon 21
Nanoparticles 22
Smart materials 23
Unit 2.2 23
Chemical equations summary 23
Acids, bases and alkalis 23
Reaction of metals with acids 24
Reactions of bases with acids 25
Reaction of metal carbonates with acids 25
Testing for non-metal ions - Carbonate and sulphate 25
Preparation and obtaining of salts 25
Ethanoic acid as an acid 26
Molar mass 26
Titration 26
Unit 2.3 26
Putting metals in order of reactivity 26
How does reactivity affect reaction 27
What is reduction and oxidation 28
Unit 2.4 29
Exothermic and endothermic reactions 29
Energy profiles 29
Making and breaking chemical bonds 30
Unit 2.5 31
How was crude oil made 31
Crude oil and fractional distillation 31
When will crude oil run out 31
Environmental effects 32
Organic chemistry 32
Alkane 32
Homologous series 32
Isomers 32
Combustion of hydrocarbons 33
Hydrogen as a fuel 33
Fire triangle 33
Alkenes 34
Reactions of ethene 34
Supply and demand 34
Polymers 34
Properties of plastic 35
Enzymes and fermentation 35
Aerial oxidation of ethanol 35
2
, Testing for alcohols 35
Ethanol as biofuel 36
Infrared spectroscopy 36
Unit 2.6 36
Making ammonia 36
The haber process 37
The contact process 37
Concentrated sulphuric acid and its dehydrating properties 37
Formula 37
Equations 37
Molar mass 37
% by mass 38
Calculating formula 38
Reacting masses 39
Calculating concentrations 39
Titration calculations 39
Alcohol energy calculations 39
3
, Unit 1
Unit 1.1
Elements
● There are around 100 elements
● Elements are made of one type of atom only
● Cannot be broken down by chemical means
○ Elements can consist of single atoms or molecules
■ Molecules are 2 of the same atom bonded together
● Compounds are multiple different elements which are bonded together
○ Can contain molecules or ions
■ Ions have a charge, they’ve either lost or gained an electron
○ Are stuck together by a chemical bond
● A mixture is many elements that haven’t been bonded together
○ Can be separated by physical process
■ Filtration
Chemical reactions
● The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass of reactants and products
are equal
● In chemical reactions new substances are formed
● A precipitate is a solid that forms in a reaction
● To identify a chemical reaction one of the three must happen
○ Colour change
○ Precipitate formed
○ Bubbles of gas formed
● Exothermic means heat was produced
● Endothermic means temperature decreased
Methods of separation
● Filtration
○ Separates insoluble solids from liquids
● Evaporation
○ Separate soluble solids from liquids
○ The liquid is often lost
● Distillation
○ Separate and collect soluble solids and liquids
○ The components of mixtures have different boiling points so they will boil off
and evaporate at different temperatures
■ It has cold water running through
the part to allow this
○ Ethanol has a boiling point of 78°C
1. Boil
4
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