I wrote these notes while studying biology in my GCSEs, I now study biology as an A level and refer back to these notes constantly. I got an A* in biology with a mark of 394, and these notes helped others get the grades they needed. Keep in mind these notes are only relevant for WJEC.
Unit 1-1 5
Cells 5
Microscopes 5
Specialised cells 6
Diffusion 6
Modelling diffusion 6
Osmosis 6
Active transport 7
Enzymes 7
Unit 1-2 7
Body systems 8
Anaerobic respiration 8
Labelling parts of the lung 8
Alveoli 9
Testing for carbon dioxide 9
The effects of smoking 9
Unit 1-3 10
Digestion 10
Digestive enzymes 11
The inner surface of the small intestine 11
Emulsifying fat with bile 11
How the products of digestion are used by the body 11
A balanced diet 12
Calculating energy content in food 12
Sugar, fat and salt/sodium 12
Unit 1-4 13
Blood and its functions 13
The heart 13
Arteries and veins 14
Capillaries 14
Cardiovascular disease 14
Unit 1-5 15
Photosynthesis 15
Factors that affect rate of photosynthesis 15
Testing leaves for starch 15
The effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on starch accumulation 16
The uses of glucose 16
Leaf structure 16
Uptake of water and minerals 17
Transpiration rate 17
1
, Plant nutrients 18
Transporting sugar 19
Unit 1-6 19
Food chains and food webs 19
Decomposers 20
Pyramids of numbers and biomass 20
Energy is used and lost 20
Microorganisms and decay 20
Cycling nutrients 21
The carbon cycle 21
The nitrogen cycle 21
The urease enzyme 22
Nitrogen fixation 22
Denitrification 22
The rising human population 22
Deforestation 22
Increasing the yields of crops 23
Intensive farming methods 23
Bovine tuberculosis 23
Pollution indicators 23
Eutrophication 23
Unit 2-1 & 4-1 25
Variety and classification 25
The 5 kingdom classification system 25
Using scientific names 26
Adaptations 26
Competition for resources 26
Population size 26
Predators and prey 27
Biodiversity 27
Conservation 28
Introducing the quadrat 28
Sampling 28
Alien species 29
Biological control 29
Unit 2-2 & 4-2 30
DNA and chromosomes 30
Mitosis 30
Meiosis 30
Comparing mitosis and meiosis 31
Stem cells 31
Unit 2-3 & 4-3 32
DNA structure 32
Genetic code and building proteins 32
2
, Mutators 33
Genetic profiling 33
Electrophoresis 33
Gender 34
Gametes 34
Genes 34
Gregor Mendel 35
Genetic Modification 35
Unit 2-4 & 4-4 36
Variation 36
Continuous and discontinuous variation 36
Selecting the correct chart or graph 36
Sexual reproduction 36
Asexual reproduction 37
Mutation 37
Cystic fibrosis 37
Evolution 38
The peppered moth 38
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria 38
Extinction 38
The human genome project 38
Unit 2-5 39
The nervous system 39
Reflex actions 39
Reflex arc 40
Cross-section through the spinal cord 40
Cross section through the eye 41
Metabolism 41
Homeostasis 42
Diabetes 42
Section through the skin 43
Lifestyle choices 43
Tropisms 44
Unit 2-6 44
The functions of the kidney 44
A section through the kidney 45
The nephron 45
Urine 45
Kidneys regulate blood water content 46
Kidney disease 46
How dialysis works 47
Unit 2-7 47
Aseptic technique 47
The effect of temperature on the growth of bacteria 48
3
, Biotechnology 48
Using a fermenter to make penicillin 49
Unit 2-8 49
Microorganism 49
Pathogens 49
Bacterial cells 50
Viruses 50
Communicable diseases 50
HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia & Malaria 51
Defence mechanisms against pathogens 51
The immune response to an antigen by lymphocytes 52
Memory cells and immunity 52
Vaccines 52
Microorganism mutations 53
Antibiotics 53
The evolution of resistant bacteria 54
Preventing disease 54
Side effects 55
Monoclonal antibodies 55
4
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