Summary key terms for Social Psychology (Thomas Heinzen & Wind Goodfriend, 2019)
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Module
Social and Organisational Psychology
Institution
Universiteit Leiden (UL)
This document contains key terms for the course Social and Organisational Psychology, using the book "Social Psychology". Document contains chapters: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, G
Chapter 3 Week 1
Self-awareness (self-recognition) The understanding that we are a separate
entity from other people and objects in our
world; a state of being conscious of our
own existence
Mirror self-recognition test A scientific paradigm where a mark is
placed on an animal’s forehead and it is
placed in front of a mirror. The animal is
assumed to have self-recognition if it
touches the mark on its forehead
Self-concept Personal summary of who we believe we
are, including our assessment of our
positive and negative qualities, our
relationships to others, and our beliefs and
opinions
Social comparison theory The use of social comparisons to construct
the self-concept when no other objective
standard is available
Upward social comparison When individuals compare themselves to
someone who is better than they are, often
to improve on a particular skill
Downward social comparison When individuals compare themselves to
someone who is worse than they are, often
to help them feel better about themselves
Social identity theory Psychological theory that proposes that our
self-concept is composed of two parts: a
personal identity that is based on personal
characteristics and a social identity that is
based on social role characteristics
Independent self-construal When individual’s ideal self is largely based
on internal, personal qualities
Interdependent self-construal When individual ‘s ideal self is largely based
on social qualities, especially relationships
with others
Self-schema A way to think about how the self-concept
is formed whereby memory structures that
summarize and organize our beliefs about
self-relevant information create a cognitive
framework within which individuals
interpret the events of their lives
schema A cognitive and memory structure for
organizing the world
Self-perception theory Theory that individuals form their self-
concept by observing their own behavior
and trying to infer their own motivations,
, attitudes, values and core traits
Self-discrepancy When mismatch exists between an
individual’s actual, ideal and ought selves
- Actual self = who we think we are
right now
- Ideal self = the person we would like
to become in the future
- Ought self = what we think other
people expect of us
Self-expansion theory The idea that all humans have a basic
motivation to grow, improve, and enhance
our self-concept, specifically through close
social relationships
Inclusion of the other in the self (IOS) scale Scale used to measure psychological
inclusion of others in the self-concept
where people circle one of many pairs of
circles with increasing overlap between
“self” and “other” to indicate how much
their self-concept includes a specified other
person
Self-presentation theory (impression Tendency to adjust the self and perform in
management) slightly different ways for varying others to
gain social influence
Other-enhancement Short-term impression management tactic
where people compliment another person
and seem to admire them to increase liking
and attraction and gain social influence
Opinion conformity A short-term impression management
tactic where people endorse the opinion of
others to increase liking and attraction and
gain social influence
Self-enhancements Short-term impression management tactic
where people imply that their actual
accomplishments are more significant than
they first appear to be
entitlement Short-term impression management tactic
where a person takes credit for positive
events he or she was not a part of
Conspicuous consumption Publicly displaying the use of expensive
products in an attempt to impress others
Self-insight Individuals’ ability to self-observe and
evaluate their own behavior
Self-monitor Individuals’ ability to notice and adjust their
own behavior in an attempt to fit in.
- Low self-monitors = people who act
the same way no matter where they
are or who is around them
, - High self-monitors = they change
how they act all the time, depending
on the situation
Optimal margin theory Psychological theory that proposes a slight
to moderate range of healthy distortions of
reality improves psychological and
physiological well-being
Positive illusions Beliefs that depart from reality in ways that
help us to remain optimistic, especially in
relation to the belief we can control our
own lives more than we can, the tendency
to have an unrealistically optimistic view of
the future, and the desire to discover
meaning in critical life events
Subjective age How old individuals feel compared to their
chronological
Self-serving cognitive bias Cognitive distortions that enhance people’s
self-concept by making them perceive that
they are a little better than the actually are
There are 3 types:
- Biased views of our own raits
- Biased views of our own behaviors
- Biased views of feedback about the
self
Self-esteem Individual’s subjective, personal evaluation
of their self-concept, including judgements
made about self-worth
Self-compassion An orientation to care for oneself
narcissism Excessive self-love based on unwarranted
belief in one’s specialness relative to others
Self-efficacy Degree to which individuals believe that
they are capable of completing a specific
task or achieving a particular goal
Collective self-esteem Individual’s evaluation of the worth of the
social groups of which they are a member
Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) Method of self-enhancement that involves
affiliating with an ingroup when that group
has been successful
Correlation does not imply causation Just because certain behaviors are
correlated with low self-esteem does not
mean that they were caused by low self-
esteem
Chapter 4 Week 2
Social cognition They study of how people combine
intuition and logic to process social
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