Pharmacology Chapters 1-13
Drug - Answer-Any substance that is taken to cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition.
Pharmacology - Answer-The study of medicine.
Pharmacotherapy/Pharmacotherapeutics - Answer-Application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of su...
Pharmacology Chapters 1-13
Drug - Answer-Any substance that is taken to cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition.
Pharmacology - Answer-The study of medicine.
Pharmacotherapy/Pharmacotherapeutics - Answer-Application of drugs for the purpose of
disease prevention and treatment of suffering.
Indications and Contraindications - Answer-The conditions for which a drug is approved are its
indications. Every drug has at least one indication. Some drugs are used for conditions for
which they have not been approved; these are called unlabeled or off- label indications.
Therapeutic classification - Answer--Based on their usefulness in treating a specific disease
-The key to therapeutic classification is to simply state what condition is being treated by the
particular drug.
-The prefix anti- refers to therapeutic classification.
Pharmacologic Classification - Answer--Addresses a drugs mechanism of action or how a drug
produces its effect in the body.
-More specific than therapeutic
-Requires biochemistry and pathophysiology
Chemical name - Answer--Assigned using standard nomenclature.
-A drug has only one chemical name
-Helpful in predicting a drugs physical and chemical properties.
Generic name - Answer-Name assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council.
Less complicated and easy to remember.
Trade Name - Answer-Sometimes called the proprietary product, or brand name is assigned by
the pharmaceutical company maketing the drug.
Exclusivity - Answer-Typical length of exclusivity for a new drug is 5 years.
Combination drug - Answer-Drugs with more than one active generic ingredient.
Pros and Cons of Generic Drugs - Answer-Generic drugs are less expensive than brand name
drugs, by they may differ in bioavailability. (The rate at which drug produces its effect.)
The nurses responsibility for knowledge in regards to pharmacotherapeutics... - Answer-Is what
drug is ordered including name and drug classification, intended or proposed used, effects on
the body, contraindications, special considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, and
pathophysiologic states affect pharmacotheraputic response), expected and potential adverse
events, why the drug was prescribed how the drug is supplied by the pharmacy, administration
of the drug, and what considerations apply to the patient.
The major goal to study pharmacology... - Answer-is to eliminate medication errors and to limit
the number and severity of adverse drug events.
, To prevent medication errors RN's can - Answer-Routinely apply their experience and
knowledge of pharmacotherapeutics to clinical practice. It is vital the nurse be prepared to
cognized and respond to potential adverse effects of the medication.
Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(pharmokinetic and pharmodynamics). - Answer-Normal aging processes can alter
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics responses to drugs.
Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(absorption) - Answer-Overall, absorption of nutrients and drugs tend to slow with aging.
Pharmacotherapy and the older adult (plasma levels drug concentration in tissues) - Answer-
Age related increases in fat storage cause lipid soluble drugs to be stored in the body for
extended periods, leading to lower plasma levels and increased drug concentrations in the
tissues.
Age related changes in the liver - Answer-Include reduced hepatic function, decreased liver
mass, diminished blood flow, and alteration in the activity of hepatic enzymes.
Frequency of administration for older adults - Answer-Should be decreased to avoid toxicity due
to drug accumulation.
Older adults and receptors - Answer-Pharmacodynamic changes are usually associated with
drug receptors. Evidence suggests that older adults have a decreased number of receptors.
The government agency that is responsible for regulating drugs in the United States. - Answer-
FDA-Food and Drug Administration.
o Protect the public health.
o Speeding innovations that make medicines and food more effective.
o Helping the public get more accurate information.
Overall process to get new drugs on the market. - Answer-o Step 1-Pre-Clinical research:
Involves extensive lab testing by the parmacutical company. If the drug appears promising the
pharmaceutical company submits an investigational New drug (IND) application. (contains
animal testing)
o Step 2: After animal testing comes clinal phase trials which is the longest part of the approval
process. The clinical trial has three different phases.
• Phase 1- testing is conducted on 20-80 healthy volunteers for several months to determine
proper dosage and to assess for adverse effects. If unaccepted levels of toxicity are noted, trials
are stoped.
• Phase 2- Several hundred patients with the disease are treated with drug. Compared with a
placebo to test effectiveness. Also can be compared to a drug already available.
• Phase 3- Large numbers of patients with the disease are given the drug to determine patient
variability. Patients with chronic conditions are given the drug to determine safety.
o Step 3: If the new drug shows promise a New Drug application is submitted to the FDA. If
accepted, manufacturer may be able to start selling the drug.
o Step 4- Post market surveillance: Occurs after the NDA review has been completed. The
purpose of stage 4 is to survey for harmful drug effects in a larger population.
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