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Nur 265: F & E Everything you need to know and some TEST 1 Questions and Answers
Nur 265: F & E Everything you need to know and some TEST 1 Questions and Answers
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Nur 265: F & E Everything you need to knowand some TEST 1 Questions and Answers
Describe how the kidneys help maintain the acid-base balance - -Kidneys
excrete or retain more acids or bases as needed
-Describe how the respiratory system regulates the acid-base balance - -
Uses hypo- or hyperventilation to regulate acid excretion or retention within
minutes of pH change
-List the three systems that work to create an acid-base balance - -1.
Chemical buffers 2. Respiratory system 3. Kidneys
-What is the range for a normal pH? - -7.35 to 7.45
<acid
>alka
-What factors affect electrolyte balance? - -- Fluid intake and output
- Acid-base balance
- Hormone secretion
- Normal cell functioning
-What are the differences of acids and bases? - -Acids can give a Hydrogen
and bases can accept
Acids have a pH level of <7
Bases have a pH level of >7
-What is the normal electrolyte range for Phosphorous? - -3.0 to 4.5 mg/dL
-What is the normal electrolyte range for Magnesium? - -1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L
-What is the normal electrolyte range for Chloride? - -98 to 106 mEq/L
-What is the normal electrolyte range for Sodium? - -136 to 145 mEq/L
-What is the normal electrolyte range for Potassium? - -3.5 to 5 mEq/L
-What is the normal electrolyte range for Calcium? - -9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL
-As an intracellular electrolyte, what does Potassium do? - -Responsible for
cell excitability, nerve impulse conduction, resting membrane potential,
muscle contraction, myocardial membrane responsiveness, and intracellular
osmolality.
,K is also depolarization and generation of action potentials and regulating
protein synthesis and glucose use an storage Very important for cardiac
contraction.
-List the intracellular electrolytes - -Phosphate -
Potassium + major cation
Magnesium +
-As an intracellular electrolyte, what does Phosphate do? - -Responsible for
energy metabolism
-As an intracellular electrolyte, what does Magnesium do? - -Responsible for
enzyme reactions, neuromuscular contractions, normal functioning of
nervous and cardiovascular systems, protein synthesis, and Sodium and
Potassium ion transportation.
-List the positive (cations) electrolytes - -Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium - major player
Sodium
Hydrogen
-What does the extracellular electrolyte Calcium do? - -Stabilizes cell
membranes and reduces permeability, transmits nerve impulses, contracts
muscles (cardiac and skeletal), coagulates blood, and forms bones and teeth,
activates enzymes
-What does the extracellular electrolyte Chloride do? - -Maintains osmotic
pressure and helps gastric mucosal cells produce hydrochloric acid
-What does the extracellular electrolyte Bicarbonate do? - -Plays a role in
acid-base balance
-Name the extracellular electrolytes. - -Sodium + - most abundant
extracellular
Chloride -
Calcium +
Bicarbonate -
-What role does the thyroid gland play in electrolyte balance? - -Secretes
calcitonin, which prevents calcium release from the bone
-What role does the parathyroid gland play in electrolyte balance? - -
Secrete parathyroid hormone, which draws calcium into the blood and helps
move phosphorous to the kidneys for excretion
, -What role does the GI tract play in electrolyte balance? - -Absorbs and
excretes fluids and electrolytes
-What role do sweat glands play in electrolyte balance? - -Excrete sodium,
potassium, chloride, and water through sweat
-What role does the heart play in electrolyte balance? - -Secretes ANP
causing sodium excretion
-How do the lungs and liver regulate blood pressure? - -By regulating
sodium and water balance
-Name the major electrolytes in extracellular fluid - -Sodium + and Chloride
-
-Name the most plentiful intracellular electrolytes - -Potassium +
phosphate -
magnesium +
-Aldosterone is produced as the result of what? - -Renin-angiotensin
mechanism acts to regulate fluid volume
-How does (Antidiuretic Hormone) ADH work? - -- Hypothalamus senses low
blood volume and increases serum which signals the pituitary gland
- The pituitary gland secretes ADH into the bloodstream
- ADH causes the kidneys to retain water
- Water retention boosts blood volume and decreases serum osmolality
-What's another name for vasopressin and what does it do? - -Antidiuretic
hormone, it regulates fluid balance
-What is plasma colloid osmotic pressure? - -The pulling force of albumin
-What does albumin do within the capillaries? - -It acts like a water magnet
to attract and hold water inside the vessel
-What forces fluid and solutes through walls? - -Hydrostatic pressure
-What's the difference between osmosis and diffusion? - -In osmosis fluid
moves, whereas in diffusion, solutes move
-What does ATP help to do during active transport? - -Moves solutes from an
area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration
-Describe osmosis - -Fluid moves passively from an area with more fluid and
fewer solutes to an area with less fluid and more solutes
, -Describe active transport - -Solutes move from an area of lower to an area
of higher concentration using energy
-Describe diffusion - -Solutes move from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration using no energy
-What is the normal electrolyte range for Bicarbonate? - -23 to 30 mEq/L
-List the negative (anions) electrolytes - -Bicarbonate (extracellular)
Chloride (extracellular)
Phosphorous (intracellular)
-What are the common causes of hyponatremia? - -Excessive diaphoresis,
diuretics
Wound drainage, renal disease
Decreased secretion of aldosterone
-What are the S/S of hyponatremia? - -Rapid pulse, normal BP then
hypotension and weak thready pulse
Skeletal muscle weakness
Rapid shallow respirations
Headache
Personality changes
Increased urine output
Decreased specific gravity
Nausea
Diarrhea
Hyperactive bowel sounds
Limp muscles
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures/headache
Stomach cramps
-Why is sodium important? - -Vital for skeletal muscle contraction, cardiac
contraction, nerve impulse transmission, normal osmolality and volume of
the ECF
-How is sodium regulated? - -By the kidneys under the influence of
aldosterone, ADH and natriuretic peptide (NP)
-What are food sources for obtaining sodium? - -- salt
- cheese, milk, butter
- bread
- soy sauce, ketchup and mustard
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